{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388333831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215238","title":"A Generic Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) Framework for Representation Learning from Spectral\u2013Spatial Features of Unlabeled Remote Sensing Imagery","display_name":"A Generic Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) Framework for Representation Learning from Spectral\u2013Spatial Features of Unlabeled Remote Sensing Imagery","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388333831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215238","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5238/pdf?version=1699027622","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5238/pdf?version=1699027622","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100327354","display_name":"Xin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7844-593X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023625466","display_name":"Liangxiu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2491-7473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liangxiu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023625466"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.9052,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87784107,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"21","first_page":"5238","last_page":"5238"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8121989369392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.6784613728523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pretext","display_name":"Pretext","score":0.663324236869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5888528823852539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.569898247718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.5598101615905762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.49823641777038574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4952055513858795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-task-learning","display_name":"Multi-task learning","score":0.4812714457511902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.4630918800830841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4420192241668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earth-observation","display_name":"Earth observation","score":0.44094622135162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.41688936948776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-pattern-recognition","display_name":"Multispectral pattern recognition","score":0.41087356209754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4091007113456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36650559306144714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35807615518569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.09272497892379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07748791575431824}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8121989369392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.6784613728523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779627259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779763","display_name":"Pretext","level":3,"score":0.663324236869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5888528823852539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.569898247718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.5598101615905762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.49823641777038574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4952055513858795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28006648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934509","display_name":"Multi-task learning","level":3,"score":0.4812714457511902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.4630918800830841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4420192241668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.44094622135162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.41688936948776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104541649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935090","display_name":"Multispectral pattern recognition","level":3,"score":0.41087356209754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4091007113456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36650559306144714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35807615518569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.09272497892379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07748791575431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215238","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5238/pdf?version=1699027622","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:45e1f5c472d546efa64cb0e7b9302641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/45e1f5c472d546efa64cb0e7b9302641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 21, p 5238 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215238","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5238/pdf?version=1699027622","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1713025421","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BB/R019983/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334629","funder_display_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334629","display_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00cwqg982"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388333831.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W343636949","https://openalex.org/W1988032609","https://openalex.org/W1990160629","https://openalex.org/W2035549557","https://openalex.org/W2043665634","https://openalex.org/W2082874195","https://openalex.org/W2137900926","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2144796873","https://openalex.org/W2155632266","https://openalex.org/W2161160262","https://openalex.org/W2162480849","https://openalex.org/W2179290474","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2247099754","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2313932751","https://openalex.org/W2321533354","https://openalex.org/W2548388936","https://openalex.org/W2603834682","https://openalex.org/W2604662268","https://openalex.org/W2738076904","https://openalex.org/W2751694392","https://openalex.org/W2781809052","https://openalex.org/W2782934949","https://openalex.org/W2804860796","https://openalex.org/W2892964097","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2964246847","https://openalex.org/W2985362983","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W3002674187","https://openalex.org/W3003266520","https://openalex.org/W3027532550","https://openalex.org/W3027915297","https://openalex.org/W3034208233","https://openalex.org/W3034781633","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3048474426","https://openalex.org/W3092261202","https://openalex.org/W3104341624","https://openalex.org/W3112898771","https://openalex.org/W3122241445","https://openalex.org/W3131002780","https://openalex.org/W3145450063","https://openalex.org/W3159481202","https://openalex.org/W3165730205","https://openalex.org/W3171007011","https://openalex.org/W3183898570","https://openalex.org/W3194531425","https://openalex.org/W4200080982","https://openalex.org/W4206307542","https://openalex.org/W4206379874","https://openalex.org/W4210980375","https://openalex.org/W4214726950","https://openalex.org/W4220788280","https://openalex.org/W4221050734","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4281619551","https://openalex.org/W4283697304","https://openalex.org/W4308237783","https://openalex.org/W4311724836","https://openalex.org/W4312923835","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4313894186","https://openalex.org/W4319300215","https://openalex.org/W6674723063","https://openalex.org/W6681096077","https://openalex.org/W6784004416","https://openalex.org/W6790139290","https://openalex.org/W6804746934","https://openalex.org/W6807144946","https://openalex.org/W6809429230","https://openalex.org/W7015890786"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128126485","https://openalex.org/W1995889410","https://openalex.org/W4382563209","https://openalex.org/W2124952510","https://openalex.org/W1752760603","https://openalex.org/W2777937183","https://openalex.org/W2108633818","https://openalex.org/W1517037119","https://openalex.org/W2126922921","https://openalex.org/W1634492240"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"sensing":[1,100,149,173,329,348,359],"data":[2,42,150,174],"has":[3,102,336],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6,181,194,218,235],"for":[7,43,166,170],"various":[8],"Earth":[9],"Observation":[10],"(EO)":[11],"missions":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14],"land":[15,262],"use":[16],"and":[17,24,39,49,155,168,202,240,270,294,317,326,350],"cover":[18,263],"classification,":[19],"weather":[20],"forecasting,":[21],"agricultural":[22],"management,":[23],"environmental":[25],"monitoring.":[26],"Most":[27],"existing":[28,321],"remote-sensing-data-based":[29],"models":[30,59],"are":[31],"based":[32,130,146],"on":[33,78,131,147,266,277,324],"supervised":[34],"learning":[35,56,144],"that":[36,281,290,309,333],"requires":[37],"large":[38,93],"representative":[40],"human-labeled":[41],"model":[44,90],"training,":[45],"which":[46,83,191,232,313],"is":[47,75,180,217],"costly":[48],"time-consuming.":[50],"The":[51,71,158,213,251],"recent":[52],"introduction":[53],"of":[54,66,73,95,199,206,225,244,253,346],"self-supervised":[55,143],"(SSL)":[57],"enables":[58],"to":[60,117,119,182,195,219,236,339],"learn":[61],"a":[62,79,92,141,197,238,271,287,343],"representation":[63,198,239,289],"from":[64,91,187,222,297],"orders":[65],"magnitude":[67],"more":[68,357],"unlabeled":[69,96,299],"data.":[70,97,300],"success":[72],"SSL":[74,284,306,322],"heavily":[76],"dependent":[77],"pre-designed":[80],"pretext":[81,124,163,178,215],"task,":[82],"introduces":[84],"an":[85],"inductive":[86],"bias":[87],"into":[88],"the":[89,107,120,123,153,184,188,204,226,242,282,310,337,362],"amount":[94],"Since":[98],"remote":[99,148,172,328,347,358],"imagery":[101],"rich":[103],"spectral":[104,185,295,316],"information":[105,201,296],"beyond":[106],"standard":[108],"RGB":[109,132],"color":[110],"space,":[111],"it":[112],"may":[113],"not":[114],"be":[115,193,234,340],"straightforward":[116],"extend":[118],"multi/hyperspectral":[121],"domain":[122],"tasks":[125,208,246],"established":[126],"in":[127,229,342,356,361],"computer":[128],"vision":[129],"images.":[133],"To":[134],"address":[135],"this":[136,138,334],"challenge,":[137],"work":[139],"proposed":[140,283,311],"generic":[142],"framework":[145],"at":[151],"both":[152,292,315],"object":[154,228],"pixel":[156,200],"levels.":[157],"method":[159,285],"contains":[160],"two":[161,254],"novel":[162],"tasks,":[164],"one":[165,169],"object-based":[167,249],"pixel-based":[171,211],"analysis":[175],"methods.":[176],"One":[177],"task":[179,216,257,265,276],"reconstruct":[183],"profile":[186],"masked":[189],"data,":[190,231],"can":[192,233],"extract":[196,237],"improve":[203,241],"performance":[205,243],"downstream":[207,245,256],"associated":[209,247],"with":[210,248,303],"analysis.":[212,250],"second":[214],"identify":[220],"objects":[221],"multiple":[223],"views":[224],"same":[227],"multispectral":[230,268],"results":[252],"typical":[255],"evaluation":[258],"exercises":[259],"(a":[260],"multilabel":[261],"classification":[264],"Sentinel-2":[267],"datasets":[269],"ground":[272],"soil":[273],"parameter":[274],"retrieval":[275],"hyperspectral":[278,327],"datasets)":[279],"demonstrate":[280],"learns":[286],"target":[288],"covers":[291],"spatial":[293,318],"massive":[298],"A":[301],"comparison":[302],"currently":[304],"available":[305],"methods":[307,323],"shows":[308],"method,":[312],"emphasizes":[314],"features,":[319],"outperforms":[320],"multi-":[325],"datasets.":[330],"We":[331],"believe":[332],"approach":[335],"potential":[338],"effective":[341],"wider":[344],"range":[345],"applications":[349,360],"we":[351],"will":[352],"explore":[353],"its":[354],"utility":[355],"future.":[363]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2023-11-05T00:00:00"}
