{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388126977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215203","title":"Feature Importance Ranking of Random Forest-Based End-to-End Learning Algorithm","display_name":"Feature Importance Ranking of Random Forest-Based End-to-End Learning Algorithm","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388126977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215203","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5203/pdf?version=1698844725","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5203/pdf?version=1698844725","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046210290","display_name":"Xiaoguang Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7895-1899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoguang Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083402029","display_name":"Shiruo Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiruo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an 710071, China","Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068336830","display_name":"Wei Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-2664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124841900","display_name":"Xuzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02315by94","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124841900"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China","Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an 710071, China","Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124841900","https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Remote Sensing, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Collaborative Intelligence Systems, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044570096","display_name":"Gabriel Dauphin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0677-6702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091279","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord","ror":"https://ror.org/0199hds37","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091279"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Dauphin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboraory of Information Processing and Transmission, L2TI, Institut Galil\u00e9e, University Paris XIII, 93430 Villetaneuse, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboraory of Information Processing and Transmission, L2TI, Institut Galil\u00e9e, University Paris XIII, 93430 Villetaneuse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068336830"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124841900","https://openalex.org/I149594827","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":12.8691,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99199705,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"21","first_page":"5203","last_page":"5203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7350070476531982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6040101051330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5805835723876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5003242492675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4986839294433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45015639066696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.4323290288448334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4217788279056549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37784820795059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3299175500869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.0779256522655487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7350070476531982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6040101051330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5805835723876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5003242492675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4986839294433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45015639066696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.4323290288448334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4217788279056549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37784820795059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3299175500869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0779256522655487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215203","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5203/pdf?version=1698844725","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:90fa1e8b452147069056ff58b8fc1669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/90fa1e8b452147069056ff58b8fc1669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 21, p 5203 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215203","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5203/pdf?version=1698844725","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3425285751","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3744313044","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Social","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5619007908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201438","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5807194875","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12005169","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G620763321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62331019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6419395077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201438","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388126977.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W581956982","https://openalex.org/W1964217023","https://openalex.org/W1978617972","https://openalex.org/W1986738039","https://openalex.org/W1998281138","https://openalex.org/W2000613913","https://openalex.org/W2029342456","https://openalex.org/W2086823339","https://openalex.org/W2113410727","https://openalex.org/W2149813070","https://openalex.org/W2161776042","https://openalex.org/W2161815745","https://openalex.org/W2171599506","https://openalex.org/W2293634267","https://openalex.org/W2336807904","https://openalex.org/W2531168480","https://openalex.org/W2546735785","https://openalex.org/W2604086375","https://openalex.org/W2754780133","https://openalex.org/W2789758650","https://openalex.org/W2885406917","https://openalex.org/W2954994501","https://openalex.org/W2963131120","https://openalex.org/W2981830988","https://openalex.org/W2988656079","https://openalex.org/W2990259822","https://openalex.org/W3111753405","https://openalex.org/W3127729533","https://openalex.org/W3132803747","https://openalex.org/W3171737314","https://openalex.org/W4288420805","https://openalex.org/W4318041127"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W1924178503","https://openalex.org/W4308716060","https://openalex.org/W4280648719","https://openalex.org/W3135126032","https://openalex.org/W4385544042","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"land":[1,33],"management":[2],"and":[3,88,99,115,139,163,226,236,248],"farming":[4],"practices":[5],"are":[6,72,133,171],"critical":[7],"to":[8,24,34,55,121,157,173,244,276],"maintaining":[9],"agricultural":[10,281],"production,":[11],"especially":[12],"in":[13],"Europe":[14],"with":[15,39,201,262,272],"limited":[16],"arable":[17],"land.":[18],"It":[19],"is":[20,51,119,155,194,239],"very":[21],"time":[22,169],"consuming":[23],"rely":[25],"on":[26,46,59,136],"a":[27,52,109,175,195,273],"manual":[28],"field":[29],"inspection":[30],"of":[31,42,86,97,106,111,142,148,161,167,191,254,269,279],"cultivated":[32],"archive":[35],"farm":[36,270],"crops.":[37],"But":[38],"the":[40,47,66,78,92,95,103,123,128,137,143,159,164,192,207,214,227,242,250,255,277],"help":[41],"satellite":[43],"monitoring":[44,268],"data":[45],"earth\u2019s":[48],"surface,":[49],"it":[50],"new":[53,129,176],"vision":[54],"classify":[56],"farmland":[57],"based":[58,135],"deep":[60,181],"learning.":[61],"This":[62,258],"article":[63],"has":[64,184],"studied":[65],"Sentinel":[67],"2":[68],"(S2)":[69],"data,":[70],"which":[71,216],"top-of-atmosphere":[73],"(TOA)":[74],"reflectance":[75],"values":[76],"at":[77,91],"processing":[79],"level-1C":[80],"(L1C)":[81],"observed":[82],"from":[83],"some":[84],"areas":[85],"Germany":[87],"France.":[89],"Aiming":[90],"problem":[93],"that":[94,233],"interference":[96],"atmosphere":[98],"cloud":[100],"coverage":[101],"weakens":[102],"recognition":[104],"accuracy":[105,247],"subsequent":[107],"algorithms,":[108],"method":[110],"combining":[112],"feature":[113,116],"expansion":[114],"importance":[117,160],"analysis":[118],"proposed":[120],"optimize":[122],"raw":[124,144],"S2":[125],"data.":[126,257],"Specifically,":[127],"13":[130,145],"spectral":[131,146],"features":[132,166,235,238],"expanded":[134],"linear":[138,211],"nonlinear":[140],"combination":[141],"bands":[147],"S2.":[149],"The":[150,189,230],"random":[151],"forest":[152],"(RF)":[153],"algorithm":[154],"used":[156,186],"score":[158],"features,":[162],"important":[165],"each":[168],"series":[170],"selected":[172],"form":[174,217],"dataset.":[177],"Then,":[178],"an":[179],"end-to-end":[180,259],"learning":[182],"model":[183,193,243],"been":[185],"for":[187,241],"training.":[188],"structure":[190],"two-layer":[196],"unidirectional":[197],"recurrent":[198],"neural":[199],"network":[200],"long":[202],"short-term":[203],"memory":[204],"(LSTM)":[205],"as":[206,213],"backbone.":[208],"And":[209],"two":[210,218],"layers":[212],"output,":[215],"decision-making":[219],"heads,":[220],"respectively,":[221],"representing":[222],"output":[223],"classification":[224,246,251,260],"probability":[225],"stop":[228],"decision.":[229],"results":[231],"show":[232],"adding":[234],"selecting":[237],"beneficial":[240],"improve":[245],"predict":[249],"without":[252],"all":[253],"input":[256],"pattern":[261],"early":[263],"prediction":[264],"would":[265],"support":[266],"intelligent":[267],"crops":[271],"great":[274],"advantage":[275],"implementation":[278],"various":[280],"policies.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
