{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388017711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215184","title":"Combining Satellite Optical and Radar Image Data for Streamflow Estimation Using a Machine Learning Method","display_name":"Combining Satellite Optical and Radar Image Data for Streamflow Estimation Using a Machine Learning Method","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388017711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215184"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215184","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5184/pdf?version=1698682822","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5184/pdf?version=1698682822","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079931189","display_name":"Xingcan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingcan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Beijing 100875, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101746860","display_name":"Wenchao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7607-4346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenchao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Beijing 100875, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103194372","display_name":"Fan L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5345-6077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092032","display_name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00m4czf33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092032"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092032"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101544738","display_name":"Rui Zuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6659-6324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Beijing 100875, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101746860"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0644,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75752083,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"21","first_page":"5184","last_page":"5184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streamflow","display_name":"Streamflow","score":0.6845159530639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6700782179832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.636168360710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6174360513687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5731750130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5168957710266113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.43880608677864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3845692276954651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2616127133369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13930213451385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drainage-basin","display_name":"Drainage basin","score":0.12800902128219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09737053513526917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53739315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29425295","display_name":"Streamflow","level":3,"score":0.6845159530639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6700782179832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.636168360710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6174360513687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5731750130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5168957710266113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.43880608677864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3845692276954651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2616127133369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13930213451385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126645576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166620","display_name":"Drainage basin","level":2,"score":0.12800902128219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09737053513526917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215184","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5184/pdf?version=1698682822","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:469bb0d91f314fdc9d86c561b2291e7d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/469bb0d91f314fdc9d86c561b2291e7d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 21, p 5184 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215184","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5184/pdf?version=1698682822","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.75}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3191317943","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QZKK0207-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3555152941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52179002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4257009014","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52179002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5008972663","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFC3200102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6130652981","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFC3200102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G765637273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QZKK0207-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8688509593","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QZKK0207","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388017711.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964124653","https://openalex.org/W1971434946","https://openalex.org/W1981549240","https://openalex.org/W1983835075","https://openalex.org/W2013576698","https://openalex.org/W2017977562","https://openalex.org/W2039347115","https://openalex.org/W2057018326","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2064969216","https://openalex.org/W2067223893","https://openalex.org/W2068689590","https://openalex.org/W2072137936","https://openalex.org/W2081614845","https://openalex.org/W2082850056","https://openalex.org/W2101678239","https://openalex.org/W2120674805","https://openalex.org/W2130762895","https://openalex.org/W2131321805","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2146947015","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2309448491","https://openalex.org/W2537689045","https://openalex.org/W2792397311","https://openalex.org/W2798084058","https://openalex.org/W2889317727","https://openalex.org/W2896697209","https://openalex.org/W2907467204","https://openalex.org/W2908530998","https://openalex.org/W2983352457","https://openalex.org/W2991306453","https://openalex.org/W2998268303","https://openalex.org/W3013424631","https://openalex.org/W3028586297","https://openalex.org/W3038984574","https://openalex.org/W3096638284","https://openalex.org/W3113271689","https://openalex.org/W3163212845","https://openalex.org/W3167204422","https://openalex.org/W4200366988","https://openalex.org/W4214905925","https://openalex.org/W4229037329","https://openalex.org/W4251080014","https://openalex.org/W4294608658","https://openalex.org/W4386160799","https://openalex.org/W4386637401","https://openalex.org/W6666441121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2439644404","https://openalex.org/W3174343427","https://openalex.org/W2000979301","https://openalex.org/W98325756","https://openalex.org/W2061279527","https://openalex.org/W105199006","https://openalex.org/W4213385761","https://openalex.org/W2335811955","https://openalex.org/W2804771885","https://openalex.org/W2818707505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"River":[0],"water":[1,26,109,123],"surface":[2,110],"extent":[3],"can":[4],"be":[5],"extracted":[6],"from":[7,19,27,49,113,126,140],"optical":[8,59,349],"and":[9,30,35,60,131,136,164,169,180,196,202,210,239,244,254,261,267,299,303,309,332,336,350],"radar":[10,61,117],"satellite":[11,58,320,385],"images;":[12],"this":[13,40],"is":[14],"useful":[15],"for":[16,42,51,64,144,205,256,328,370],"estimating":[17],"streamflow":[18,47,65,145,186,358,382],"space.":[20],"The":[21,74,340],"radiation":[22],"characteristics":[23],"of":[24,45,86,105,108,167,185,242,287,306,319,342,357,373],"open":[25],"the":[28,43,82,87,92,97,103,175,190,206,252,257,273,304,325,330,355,364],"visible":[29],"microwave":[31,351],"bands":[32],"are":[33],"different":[34,106],"provide":[36],"independent":[37],"information.":[38],"In":[39,152,227,289],"study,":[41],"purpose":[44],"improving":[46],"estimation":[48,66,146],"space":[50],"data-sparse":[52,388],"regions,":[53],"a":[54,68,78,165,240,361],"method":[55,75,366],"that":[56,347],"combines":[57],"images":[62,118,129,142,386],"data":[63],"using":[67,157,193,216,259,294,360,383],"machine":[69],"learning":[70],"technique":[71],"was":[72,76],"proposed.":[73],"demonstratedthrough":[77],"case":[79],"study":[80],"in":[81,381,387],"river":[83],"segment":[84],"upstream":[85],"Ganzi":[88],"gauging":[89],"station":[90],"on":[91],"Yalong":[93],"River,":[94],"China.":[95],"Utilizing":[96],"support":[98],"vector":[99],"regression":[100],"(SVR)":[101],"model,":[102],"feasibility":[104],"combinations":[107],"area":[111],"derived":[112,125,139],"Sentinel-1":[114],"synthetic":[115],"aperture":[116],"(AREA_SAR),":[119],"modified":[120],"normalized":[121],"difference":[122],"index":[124],"Landsat":[127],"8":[128],"(MNDWI),":[130],"reflectance":[132],"ratios":[133],"between":[134],"NIR":[135],"SWIR":[137],"channels":[138],"MODIS":[141],"(RNIR/RSWIR)":[143],"were":[147,173,200,211,250,265,313,334],"evaluated":[148],"through":[149],"three":[150,155,230,292,317,344],"experiments.":[151],"Experiment":[153,228,290],"I,":[154],"models":[156,215,231,275,293],"AREA_SAR":[158,168,195,217,233,243,260,277,295],"(Model":[159,162,171,198,218,222,234,237,246,263,278,282,296,301,311,322],"1),":[160],"MNDWI":[161,170,197,221,281,308],"2),":[163],"combination":[166,241,305],"3)":[172,199],"built;":[174,314],"mean":[176,181],"relative":[177],"error":[178,183],"(MRE)":[179],"absolute":[182],"(MAE)":[184],"estimates":[187,359],"corresponding":[188],"to":[189,377],"SVR":[191],"model":[192,258],"both":[194],"0.19":[201],"31.6":[203],"m3/s":[204],"testing":[207],"dataset,":[208],"respectively,":[209,270],"lower":[212],"than":[213],"two":[214,274],"1)":[219],"or":[220,280,376],"2)":[223],"solely":[224],"as":[225,248,284],"inputs.":[226,288],"II,":[229],"with":[232],"4),":[235],"RNIR/RSWIR":[236,245,262,300,310],"5),":[238],"6)":[247,264],"inputs":[249],"developed;":[251],"MRE":[253,331],"MAE":[255,333],"0.25":[266],"56.5":[268],"m3/s,":[269,338],"which":[271,329],"outperformed":[272],"treating":[276],"4)":[279],"5)":[283],"single":[285],"types":[286,318],"III,":[291],"7),":[297],"MNDWI,":[298],"8)":[302],"AREA_SAR,":[307],"9)":[312,323],"combining":[315],"all":[316,343],"observations":[321,352],"exhibited":[324],"highest":[326],"accuracy,":[327],"0.18":[335],"18.4":[337],"respectively.":[339],"results":[341],"experiments":[345],"demonstrated":[346],"integrating":[348],"could":[353],"improve":[354],"accuracy":[356],"data-driven":[362],"model;":[363],"proposed":[365],"has":[367],"great":[368],"potential":[369],"near-real-time":[371],"estimations":[372],"flood":[374],"magnitude":[375],"reconstruct":[378],"past":[379],"variations":[380],"historical":[384],"regions.":[389]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T08:51:43.019350","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
