{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388159712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215159","title":"Research on the Real-Time Ambiguity Resolution Algorithm of GPS/Galileo/BDS Based on CNES Real-Time Products","display_name":"Research on the Real-Time Ambiguity Resolution Algorithm of GPS/Galileo/BDS Based on CNES Real-Time Products","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388159712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215159"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215159","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Meng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7542-8728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meng Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University (LNTU), Fuxin 123000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7542-8728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University (LNTU), Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100981852","display_name":"Ziheng Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5478-3464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziheng Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University (LNTU), Fuxin 123000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University (LNTU), Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040955565","display_name":"Huizhong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-6536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huizhong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University (LNTU), Fuxin 123000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University (LNTU), Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010377130","display_name":"Aigong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4354-3553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aigong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University (LNTU), Fuxin 123000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University (LNTU), Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008709516","display_name":"Zhihua Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6143-1360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihua Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University (LNTU), Fuxin 123000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University (LNTU), Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101261951","display_name":"Chunbo Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunbo Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University (LNTU), Fuxin 123000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University (LNTU), Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":6.2249,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95652794,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"21","first_page":"5159","last_page":"5159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity-resolution","display_name":"Ambiguity resolution","score":0.9202587008476257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.8323676586151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.8043904304504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","score":0.7668657898902893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.6136632561683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.6018031239509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.554197371006012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.5293394327163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.500694990158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4421217739582062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.4272489845752716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utc-offset","display_name":"UTC offset","score":0.4178248941898346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-kinematic","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","score":0.41402584314346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3903178870677948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32777106761932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.17204734683036804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12985029816627502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06594938039779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.06067097187042236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777559092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4741445","display_name":"Ambiguity resolution","level":4,"score":0.9202587008476257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.8323676586151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.8043904304504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.7668657898902893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.6136632561683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6018031239509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.554197371006012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.5293394327163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.500694990158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4421217739582062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.4272489845752716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185588997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187110","display_name":"UTC offset","level":3,"score":0.4178248941898346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93103318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980965","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","level":4,"score":0.41402584314346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3903178870677948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32777106761932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17204734683036804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12985029816627502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06594938039779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.06067097187042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a2613cbfd4db439a86a92cec9905d9dc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a2613cbfd4db439a86a92cec9905d9dc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 21, p 5159 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1451618751","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41904037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3804111321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42030109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6572548741","display_name":"\u4e0d\u540c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u540c\u9891\u7387\u536b\u661f\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5206\u6a21\u7cca\u5ea6\u56fa\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"42074012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W620160340","https://openalex.org/W1970106276","https://openalex.org/W1972063889","https://openalex.org/W1984984876","https://openalex.org/W2003342124","https://openalex.org/W2003594606","https://openalex.org/W2030492481","https://openalex.org/W2060209312","https://openalex.org/W2060803307","https://openalex.org/W2084389047","https://openalex.org/W2091247042","https://openalex.org/W2094280389","https://openalex.org/W2094529703","https://openalex.org/W2149562494","https://openalex.org/W2165421589","https://openalex.org/W2185926373","https://openalex.org/W2273862109","https://openalex.org/W2362112029","https://openalex.org/W2365412617","https://openalex.org/W2368412749","https://openalex.org/W2373581900","https://openalex.org/W2601542501","https://openalex.org/W2603146761","https://openalex.org/W2738088880","https://openalex.org/W2765551870","https://openalex.org/W2767881019","https://openalex.org/W2783194539","https://openalex.org/W2786309865","https://openalex.org/W2789330067","https://openalex.org/W2790777472","https://openalex.org/W2794510868","https://openalex.org/W2795732967","https://openalex.org/W2800599682","https://openalex.org/W2900476175","https://openalex.org/W2905080908","https://openalex.org/W2924793724","https://openalex.org/W2942717200","https://openalex.org/W2958153760","https://openalex.org/W2994672450","https://openalex.org/W2996739343","https://openalex.org/W3024554793","https://openalex.org/W3089655484","https://openalex.org/W3169791615","https://openalex.org/W3197322771","https://openalex.org/W4210704181","https://openalex.org/W4240109574","https://openalex.org/W4285793704","https://openalex.org/W4293661516","https://openalex.org/W4296127081","https://openalex.org/W4303980598","https://openalex.org/W4382456629","https://openalex.org/W4386251244","https://openalex.org/W6801027599","https://openalex.org/W7052029844"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3160673456","https://openalex.org/W2186627438","https://openalex.org/W3110733200","https://openalex.org/W2056959155","https://openalex.org/W2216248235","https://openalex.org/W2026171912","https://openalex.org/W2803129535","https://openalex.org/W2595654239","https://openalex.org/W2214453885","https://openalex.org/W3163354205"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-Time":[0],"(RT)":[1],"Precise":[2],"Point":[3],"Positioning":[4],"(PPP)":[5],"uses":[6],"precise":[7],"satellite":[8],"orbits":[9],"and":[10,13,43,70,75,102,122,128,139,147,167,172,208,225,240,245],"clock":[11],"corrections,":[12],"employs":[14],"a":[15,160],"separate":[16],"receiver":[17],"for":[18],"positioning.":[19],"With":[20],"the":[21,40,66,71,81,92,95,114,137,143,153,177,181,184,188,209,213,217,236,243],"growing":[22],"demand,":[23],"RT":[24,56,72,96],"PPP":[25],"is":[26,50,190,202,216,248],"becoming":[27],"an":[28],"increasingly":[29],"popular":[30],"research":[31],"topic.":[32],"The":[33,107,196,232],"ambiguity":[34],"resolution":[35],"(AR)":[36],"can":[37],"significantly":[38,203,249],"improve":[39],"positioning":[41,103,233],"accuracy":[42,104,234],"convergence":[44,100,185,197,210],"time":[45,186,198,211],"of":[46,94,117,126,142,163,170,180,187,199,212,235],"PPP,":[47],"so":[48],"it":[49],"essential":[51],"to":[52,89,176],"study":[53],"PPPAR":[54],"in":[55,193,222,229,242],"mode.":[57,231],"In":[58],"this":[59,194],"paper,":[60],"37":[61],"MGEX":[62],"stations":[63],"from":[64],"around":[65],"world":[67],"are":[68,87,105,145],"chosen,":[69],"orbit,":[73],"clock,":[74],"phase":[76,97],"biases":[77,98],"products":[78,112],"broadcast":[79],"by":[80],"Centre":[82],"National":[83],"d\u2019Etudes":[84],"Spatiales":[85],"(CNES)":[86],"applied":[88],"PPPAR.":[90,252],"Additionally,":[91],"residuals":[93,125,141,169],"products,":[99],"time,":[101],"investigated.":[106],"results":[108],"indicate":[109],"that":[110],"GPS":[111],"have":[113],"best":[115],"quality":[116,162,179],"AR,":[118,164,183],"with":[119,165],"wide-lane":[120],"(WL)":[121],"narrow-lane":[123],"(NL)":[124],"98.9%":[127],"95.3%,":[129],"respectively,":[130],"within":[131],"\u00b10.25":[132,135,151],"cycles.":[133],"Within":[134,150],"cycles,":[136,152],"WL":[138,166],"NL":[140,168],"Galileo":[144],"98.2%":[146],"94.3%,":[148],"respectively.":[149,174],"(Beidou":[154],"Navigation":[155],"Satellite":[156],"System)":[157],"BDS":[158,182,189],"has":[159],"poor":[161,178],"97.3%":[171],"73.1%,":[173],"Due":[175],"not":[191],"calculated":[192],"paper.":[195],"other":[200],"systems":[201],"reduced":[204],"after":[205,251],"AR":[206],"processing,":[207],"GPS/Galileo":[214],"combination":[215],"fastest,":[218],"being":[219],"17.14":[220],"min":[221,228],"kinematic":[223],"mode":[224],"only":[226],"11.85":[227],"static":[230],"GPS,":[237],"Galileo,":[238],"GPS/Galileo,":[239],"GPS/Galileo/BDS":[241],"E":[244],"U":[246],"directions":[247],"improved":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}