{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387957471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215120","title":"Machine Learning Downscaling of SoilMERGE in the United States Southern Great Plains","display_name":"Machine Learning Downscaling of SoilMERGE in the United States Southern Great Plains","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387957471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215120","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5120/pdf?version=1698311680","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5120/pdf?version=1698311680","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014089602","display_name":"Kenneth J. Tobin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2886-7506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131740757","display_name":"Texas A&M International University","ror":"https://ror.org/028861t28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131740757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Tobin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Earth and Environmental Studies, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Earth and Environmental Studies, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131740757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111063019","display_name":"Aaron Sanchez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131740757","display_name":"Texas A&M International University","ror":"https://ror.org/028861t28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131740757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Earth and Environmental Studies, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Earth and Environmental Studies, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131740757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034937821","display_name":"Daniela Esparza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6818-4948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131740757","display_name":"Texas A&M International University","ror":"https://ror.org/028861t28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131740757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela Esparza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Earth and Environmental Studies, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Earth and Environmental Studies, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131740757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029654952","display_name":"Miguel \u00c1ngel Gonz\u00e1lez Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9777-283X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131740757","display_name":"Texas A&M International University","ror":"https://ror.org/028861t28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131740757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Earth and Environmental Studies, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Earth and Environmental Studies, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131740757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080341035","display_name":"Deepak Ganta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8486-5463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131740757","display_name":"Texas A&M International University","ror":"https://ror.org/028861t28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131740757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Ganta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131740757"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112410995","display_name":"Marvin Bennett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131740757","display_name":"Texas A&M International University","ror":"https://ror.org/028861t28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131740757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marvin Bennett","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131740757"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014089602"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131740757"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.1216,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44530175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"21","first_page":"5120","last_page":"5120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downscaling","display_name":"Downscaling","score":0.8662136793136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6858510375022888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.5182456970214844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observatory","display_name":"Observatory","score":0.4759770929813385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4189334511756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.41073551774024963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.41049617528915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3268301486968994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.22599461674690247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21050813794136047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.19328102469444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.10117092728614807}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.8662136793136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6858510375022888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.5182456970214844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779919027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62832","display_name":"Observatory","level":2,"score":0.4759770929813385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4189334511756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.41073551774024963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.41049617528915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3268301486968994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.22599461674690247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21050813794136047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19328102469444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.10117092728614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215120","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5120/pdf?version=1698311680","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2221783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2221783","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2221783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d11c6fecc0db444881fe9fe09a7912cf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d11c6fecc0db444881fe9fe09a7912cf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 21, p 5120 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2242395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2242395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215120","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5120/pdf?version=1698311680","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1154934206","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX16AH30G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1682147483","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0023067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2354116259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1636769","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3129243807","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX16AH30G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3779045015","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1636769","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6185792859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0023067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310620","display_name":"University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332414","display_name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333007","display_name":"Texas A and M International University","ror":"https://ror.org/028861t28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387957471.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977473269","https://openalex.org/W2012968254","https://openalex.org/W2027554150","https://openalex.org/W2039348932","https://openalex.org/W2040957337","https://openalex.org/W2044321444","https://openalex.org/W2048336910","https://openalex.org/W2123744475","https://openalex.org/W2132549823","https://openalex.org/W2168186402","https://openalex.org/W2496225726","https://openalex.org/W2599868771","https://openalex.org/W2740614026","https://openalex.org/W2777003700","https://openalex.org/W2792192198","https://openalex.org/W2793833096","https://openalex.org/W2811382599","https://openalex.org/W2968648485","https://openalex.org/W2981830059","https://openalex.org/W2987379657","https://openalex.org/W3014983389","https://openalex.org/W3081705079","https://openalex.org/W3092177585","https://openalex.org/W3121378357","https://openalex.org/W3168360467","https://openalex.org/W3216678516","https://openalex.org/W4292314200","https://openalex.org/W4306951333","https://openalex.org/W4317749995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394436593","https://openalex.org/W3013458534","https://openalex.org/W3010558748","https://openalex.org/W2526815458","https://openalex.org/W4220911053","https://openalex.org/W2380042710","https://openalex.org/W4377833746","https://openalex.org/W4387102043","https://openalex.org/W769766909","https://openalex.org/W2015475130"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SoilMERGE":[0],"(SMERGE)":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,128,206,230,235],"root-zone":[4],"soil":[5],"moisture":[6,105],"(RZSM)":[7],"product":[8],"that":[9,80],"covers":[10],"the":[11,41,181,218,224,227,241],"entire":[12],"continental":[13],"United":[14,82,92],"States":[15,83,93],"and":[16,31,54,103,108,123,147,156,161,176,191,205,247],"spans":[17],"1978":[18],"to":[19,37,46,140,145,151,180,203,212,243],"2019.":[20],"Machine":[21],"learning":[22],"techniques,":[23],"Random":[24],"Forest":[25],"(RF),":[26],"eXtreme":[27],"Gradient":[28,32],"Boosting":[29],"(XGBoost),":[30],"Boost":[33],"(GBoost)":[34],"downscaled":[35,70],"SMERGE":[36,61,221],"spatial":[38],"resolutions":[39],"straddling":[40],"field":[42],"scale":[43],"domain":[44],"(100":[45],"3000":[47],"m).":[48],"Study":[49],"area":[50],"was":[51,171],"northern":[52],"Oklahoma":[53],"southern":[55],"Kansas.":[56],"The":[57],"coarse":[58],"resolution":[59,239],"of":[60,85,121,220,229],"(0.125":[62],"degree)":[63],"limits":[64],"this":[65],"product\u2019s":[66],"utility.":[67],"To":[68],"validate":[69],"results":[71],"in":[72,199,208],"situ":[73],"data":[74],"from":[75,116,194,201,210],"four":[76],"sources":[77],"were":[78,135],"used":[79],"included:":[81],"Department":[84],"Energy":[86],"Atmospheric":[87],"Radiation":[88],"Measurement":[89],"(ARM)":[90],"observatory,":[91],"Climate":[94,99],"Reference":[95],"Network":[96,101],"(USCRN),":[97],"Soil":[98,104],"Analysis":[100],"(SCAN),":[102],"Sensing":[106],"Controller":[107],"oPtimal":[109],"Estimator":[110],"(SoilSCAPE).":[111],"In":[112],"addition,":[113],"RZSM":[114,232],"retrievals":[115],"NASA\u2019s":[117],"Airborne":[118],"Microwave":[119],"Observatory":[120],"Subcanopy":[122],"Surface":[124],"(AirMOSS)":[125],"campaign":[126],"provided":[127],"nearly":[129],"spatially":[130],"continuous":[131],"comparison.":[132],"Three":[133],"periods":[134],"examined:":[136],"era":[137,142,148,165,184],"1":[138,155,175],"(2016":[139],"2019),":[141],"2":[143,177],"(2012":[144],"2015),":[146],"3":[149,166],"(2003":[150],"2007).":[152],"During":[153],"eras":[154,174],"2,":[157],"RF":[158],"outperformed":[159],"XGBoost":[160],"GBoost,":[162],"whereas":[163],"during":[164,173],"no":[167],"model":[168],"dominated.":[169],"Performance":[170],"better":[172],"as":[178],"opposed":[179],"pre-L":[182],"band":[183],"3.":[185],"Improvements":[186],"across":[187],"all":[188],"eras,":[189],"regions,":[190],"models":[192],"realized":[193],"downscaling":[195,222],"included":[196],"an":[197],"increase":[198],"correlation":[200],"0.03":[202],"0.42":[204],"decrease":[207],"ubRMSE":[209],"\u22120.0005":[211],"\u22120.0118":[213],"m3/m3.":[214],"This":[215],"study":[216],"demonstrates":[217],"feasibility":[219],"opening":[223],"prospect":[225],"for":[226],"development":[228],"long-term":[231],"dataset":[233],"at":[234],"more":[236],"desirable":[237],"field-scale":[238],"with":[240],"potential":[242],"support":[244],"diverse":[245],"hydrometeorological":[246],"agricultural":[248],"applications.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
