{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387907404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215077","title":"Development of an Index for Forest Fire Risk Assessment Considering Hazard Factors and the Hazard-Formative Environment","display_name":"Development of an Index for Forest Fire Risk Assessment Considering Hazard Factors and the Hazard-Formative Environment","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387907404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215077"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215077","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5077/pdf?version=1698137293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5077/pdf?version=1698137293","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081117217","display_name":"Adu Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3076-2893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adu Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101995227","display_name":"Zhiqing Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9337-385X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108035537","display_name":"Longfei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-375X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115813","display_name":"China National Commission for Disaster Reduction","ror":"https://ror.org/029j8j127","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115813"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longfei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Disaster Reduction Center of China, Ministry of Emergency Management of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing 100124, China","National Disaster Reduction Center of China, Ministry of Emergency Management of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100124, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Disaster Reduction Center of China, Ministry of Emergency Management of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing 100124, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115813"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Disaster Reduction Center of China, Ministry of Emergency Management of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100124, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115813"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103059620","display_name":"Yuqing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6892-032X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079248145","display_name":"Wanru Ba","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanru Ba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059358289","display_name":"H.Q. Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haihan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101995227"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.4138,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88821088,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"21","first_page":"5077","last_page":"5077"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9783999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5873600244522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytic-hierarchy-process","display_name":"Analytic hierarchy process","score":0.5498233437538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.4963138699531555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazard","display_name":"Hazard","score":0.4909396469593048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-resource-management","display_name":"Environmental resource management","score":0.4803982079029083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.24285876750946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.12575063109397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12446334958076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.06954416632652283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.06659933924674988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5873600244522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87345402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485202","display_name":"Analytic hierarchy process","level":2,"score":0.5498233437538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.4963138699531555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.4909396469593048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.4803982079029083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24285876750946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.12575063109397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12446334958076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.06954416632652283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.06659933924674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215077","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5077/pdf?version=1698137293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce73e4c3e5fd438488bf01068054f93c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce73e4c3e5fd438488bf01068054f93c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 21, p 5077 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15215077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215077","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/21/5077/pdf?version=1698137293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321432","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387907404.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588713494","https://openalex.org/W1971099835","https://openalex.org/W2020662289","https://openalex.org/W2065227035","https://openalex.org/W2066473866","https://openalex.org/W2071839633","https://openalex.org/W2093814215","https://openalex.org/W2170452676","https://openalex.org/W2193194994","https://openalex.org/W2287388590","https://openalex.org/W2347849314","https://openalex.org/W2358826924","https://openalex.org/W2365083107","https://openalex.org/W2367244517","https://openalex.org/W2375124796","https://openalex.org/W2393129636","https://openalex.org/W2393417008","https://openalex.org/W2504397634","https://openalex.org/W2744573222","https://openalex.org/W2804980301","https://openalex.org/W2807993528","https://openalex.org/W2889361423","https://openalex.org/W2973710071","https://openalex.org/W2975614402","https://openalex.org/W2990999233","https://openalex.org/W3112630388","https://openalex.org/W3120122943","https://openalex.org/W3124539583","https://openalex.org/W3139063794","https://openalex.org/W3142235095","https://openalex.org/W3155624047","https://openalex.org/W3157098829","https://openalex.org/W3160821556","https://openalex.org/W3166182933","https://openalex.org/W3196247333","https://openalex.org/W3204447861","https://openalex.org/W4200612379","https://openalex.org/W4214551560","https://openalex.org/W4220744401","https://openalex.org/W4224027459","https://openalex.org/W4281393096","https://openalex.org/W4281635321","https://openalex.org/W4283800300","https://openalex.org/W4306250122","https://openalex.org/W4309840120","https://openalex.org/W4317398988","https://openalex.org/W4321062929","https://openalex.org/W4362582463","https://openalex.org/W4362665651","https://openalex.org/W4377139138","https://openalex.org/W4379387600","https://openalex.org/W4379799073","https://openalex.org/W4380682776","https://openalex.org/W4386162060","https://openalex.org/W4391251278","https://openalex.org/W6706196028","https://openalex.org/W6756308077","https://openalex.org/W6787168928","https://openalex.org/W6851316559","https://openalex.org/W6981887698","https://openalex.org/W7005606021"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W4318028252","https://openalex.org/W4206658728","https://openalex.org/W2385683470","https://openalex.org/W2322155822","https://openalex.org/W3134416257","https://openalex.org/W1745582813","https://openalex.org/W2325384277","https://openalex.org/W1985379262","https://openalex.org/W1594095616"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Forest":[0],"fires":[1],"are":[2],"characterized":[3],"by":[4],"a":[5,197],"rapid":[6],"and":[7,34,63,80,95,110,130,152,170],"devastating":[8],"nature,":[9],"underscoring":[10],"the":[11,31,50,57,75,84,87,92,96,103,136,149,155,160,177,189,201,205],"practical":[12],"significance":[13],"of":[14,78,86,164,182,200],"forest":[15,20,106,112],"fire":[16,21,39,53,66,79,107,113,142,168,174],"risk":[17,22,67,108,143],"monitoring.":[18],"Currently,":[19],"assessments":[23],"inadequately":[24],"account":[25],"for":[26,38,74],"non-meteorological":[27],"hazard":[28],"factors,":[29],"lack":[30],"hazard-formative":[32],"environment":[33],"contextual":[35],"disaster":[36,60,128],"knowledge":[37],"occurrence":[40],"mechanisms.":[41],"In":[42,158],"response,":[43],"based":[44],"on":[45],"MODIS":[46],"products,":[47],"we":[48,101],"augmented":[49],"FFDI":[51,161,190],"(forest":[52],"danger":[54],"index)":[55,109],"with":[56,126,145,204],"RDST":[58],"(regional":[59],"system":[61],"theory)":[62],"selected":[64],"various":[65],"indicators,":[68],"including":[69],"lightning.":[70],"MOD14":[71],"was":[72],"used":[73],"correlation":[76],"analysis":[77],"its":[81,185],"indicators.":[82],"Through":[83],"amalgamation":[85],"analytic":[88],"hierarchy":[89],"process":[90],"(AHP),":[91],"entropy":[93,99],"method,":[94],"minimal":[97],"relative":[98],"theory,":[100],"formulated":[102],"CFFRI":[104,137,178,202],"(composite":[105],"assessed":[111],"risks":[114,169],"spanning":[115],"from":[116],"2010":[117],"to":[118],"2019":[119],"in":[120,184],"Southwest":[121],"China,":[122],"which":[123],"were":[124],"validated":[125],"historical":[127],"data":[129],"MCD64.":[131],"The":[132],"findings":[133],"revealed":[134],"that":[135],"yields":[138],"consistently":[139],"higher":[140],"overall":[141],"values,":[144],"89%":[146],"falling":[147],"within":[148,154],"high-risk":[150],"category":[151],"11%":[153],"moderate-risk":[156],"category.":[157],"contrast,":[159],"designated":[162],"56%":[163],"cases":[165],"as":[166,172],"fourth-tier":[167],"44%":[171],"third-tier":[173],"risks.":[175],"Notably,":[176],"achieved":[179],"an":[180],"accuracy":[181],"85%":[183],"calculated":[186],"results,":[187],"while":[188],"attained":[191],"76%.":[192],"These":[193],"outcomes":[194],"robustly":[195],"demonstrate":[196],"superior":[198],"applicability":[199],"compared":[203],"traditional":[206],"FFDI.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}