{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387618265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15204955","title":"Enhancing Water Depth Estimation from Satellite Images Using Online Machine Learning: A Case Study Using Baidu Easy-DL with Acoustic Bathymetry and Sentinel-2 Data","display_name":"Enhancing Water Depth Estimation from Satellite Images Using Online Machine Learning: A Case Study Using Baidu Easy-DL with Acoustic Bathymetry and Sentinel-2 Data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387618265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15204955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15204955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15204955","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/20/4955/pdf?version=1697203258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/20/4955/pdf?version=1697203258","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025822593","display_name":"Zhongqiang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6720-1104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109544","display_name":"Second Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01tkb7c15","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109544"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152033890","display_name":"Hainan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/031dhcv14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongqiang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China","States Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"States Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109544"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030044707","display_name":"Shulei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3884-3738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152033890","display_name":"Hainan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/031dhcv14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shulei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152033890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101282481","display_name":"Haixia Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4365-1329"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haixia Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Siwei Surveying and Mapping Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100048, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Siwei Surveying and Mapping Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037598599","display_name":"Zhihua Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0066-1808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109544","display_name":"Second Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01tkb7c15","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109544"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhihua Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["States Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"States Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109544"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673086","display_name":"Shen Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7147-2029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marine Surveying and Mapping Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shanghai 201306, China","School of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marine Surveying and Mapping Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037598599"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109544"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.7446,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67644348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"20","first_page":"4955","last_page":"4955"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6848750114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bathymetry","display_name":"Bathymetry","score":0.6177326440811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5792263150215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5290680527687073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.47147229313850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4464975595474243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10641622543334961}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6848750114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174943157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810826","display_name":"Bathymetry","level":2,"score":0.6177326440811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5792263150215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5290680527687073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.47147229313850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4464975595474243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10641622543334961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15204955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15204955","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/20/4955/pdf?version=1697203258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:354883a4534d4841a23954d062ca872a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/354883a4534d4841a23954d062ca872a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 20, p 4955 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15204955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15204955","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/20/4955/pdf?version=1697203258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G407439937","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 61966013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4641585789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61966013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7608752429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Talent","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321933","display_name":"Hainan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/031dhcv14"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387618265.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528870396","https://openalex.org/W1984570510","https://openalex.org/W2014123121","https://openalex.org/W2105012295","https://openalex.org/W2152686492","https://openalex.org/W2168707907","https://openalex.org/W2806339229","https://openalex.org/W2926548420","https://openalex.org/W2974263286","https://openalex.org/W2996095105","https://openalex.org/W3025404589","https://openalex.org/W3033721673","https://openalex.org/W3153705872","https://openalex.org/W3195336548","https://openalex.org/W3210360254","https://openalex.org/W4289950742","https://openalex.org/W4312819591","https://openalex.org/W4313827942","https://openalex.org/W4324278822","https://openalex.org/W6631413253","https://openalex.org/W6777654630","https://openalex.org/W6848529212"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W2013329914","https://openalex.org/W2392383081","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4313488044","https://openalex.org/W3209574120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Water":[0],"depth":[1,16,54,102,120,137],"estimation":[2,55],"is":[3],"paramount":[4],"in":[5,29,66,116,131,140,158,173],"various":[6],"domains,":[7],"including":[8,88],"navigation,":[9],"environmental":[10],"monitoring,":[11],"and":[12,26,68,94,154,176],"resource":[13],"management.":[14],"Traditional":[15],"measurement":[17],"methods,":[18,113],"such":[19],"as":[20],"bathymetry,":[21],"can":[22],"often":[23],"be":[24],"expensive":[25],"time-consuming,":[27],"especially":[28],"remote":[30,72,132,174,187],"or":[31],"inaccessible":[32],"areas.":[33],"This":[34,122,161],"study":[35,123],"delves":[36],"into":[37,71],"the":[38,47,81,89,95,108,117,125,147,166,178],"application":[39],"of":[40,83,128,150,169,181],"machine":[41,85,129,170],"learning":[42,86,130,156,171],"techniques,":[43],"specifically":[44],"focusing":[45],"on":[46],"Baidu":[48,96],"Easy":[49,97],"DL":[50,98],"model":[51,110,183],"for":[52,100,165],"water":[53,136],"leveraging":[56],"satellite":[57,61],"imagery.":[58],"Utilizing":[59],"Sentinel-2":[60],"data":[62,189],"over":[63],"Rushikonda":[64],"Beach":[65],"India":[67],"processing":[69],"it":[70,145],"sensing":[73,175,188],"reflectance":[74],"using":[75],"ACOLITE":[76],"software,":[77],"this":[78],"research":[79,162],"compares":[80],"performance":[82],"several":[84],"algorithms,":[87],"Stumpf":[90],"model,":[91,93,99],"Log-Linear":[92],"accurate":[101],"estimation.":[103],"The":[104],"results":[105],"indicate":[106],"that":[107],"Easy-DL":[109],"outperforms":[111],"traditional":[112],"particularly":[114],"excelling":[115],"0\u201311":[118],"m":[119],"range.":[121],"showcases":[124],"substantial":[126],"potential":[127],"sensing,":[133],"offering":[134],"robust":[135],"estimates,":[138],"even":[139],"complex":[141],"coastal":[142],"environments.":[143],"Furthermore,":[144],"underscores":[146],"critical":[148],"role":[149],"comprehensive":[151],"training":[152],"datasets":[153],"ensemble":[155],"techniques":[157],"enhancing":[159],"accuracy.":[160],"opens":[163],"avenues":[164],"further":[167],"exploration":[168],"applications":[172],"highlights":[177],"promising":[179],"prospects":[180],"online":[182],"APIs":[184],"when":[185],"streamlining":[186],"processing.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
