{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387407943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194840","title":"Remote Sensing Monitoring of Drought in Southwest China Using Random Forest and eXtreme Gradient Boosting Methods","display_name":"Remote Sensing Monitoring of Drought in Southwest China Using Random Forest and eXtreme Gradient Boosting Methods","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387407943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194840"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15194840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194840","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/19/4840/pdf?version=1696585018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/19/4840/pdf?version=1696585018","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035810336","display_name":"Xiehui Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiehui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Disaster Reduction, China Meteorological Administration/Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","Yunnan R&D Institute of Natural Disaster, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Kunming 650034, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Disaster Reduction, China Meteorological Administration/Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunnan R&D Institute of Natural Disaster, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Kunming 650034, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038982427","display_name":"Hejia Jia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hejia Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","Xianning Meteorological Service, Xianning 437000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xianning Meteorological Service, Xianning 437000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049523028","display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-3644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035810336"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092","https://openalex.org/I24201400"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.0468,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97224661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"19","first_page":"4840","last_page":"4840"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11186","display_name":"Hydrology and Drought Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11186","display_name":"Hydrology and Drought Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.709191620349884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5420218110084534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5243221521377563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evapotranspiration","display_name":"Evapotranspiration","score":0.44756168127059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weather-station","display_name":"Weather station","score":0.446891188621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.38860762119293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2728097438812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13484817743301392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.13004225492477417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.709191620349884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5420218110084534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5243221521377563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176783924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828158","display_name":"Evapotranspiration","level":2,"score":0.44756168127059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777129202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190107","display_name":"Weather station","level":2,"score":0.446891188621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.38860762119293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2728097438812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13484817743301392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.13004225492477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15194840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194840","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/19/4840/pdf?version=1696585018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:611472fee3e24e29a8f4ad66f10a960d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/611472fee3e24e29a8f4ad66f10a960d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 19, p 4840 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15194840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194840","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/19/4840/pdf?version=1696585018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387407943.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1156515331","https://openalex.org/W1969932970","https://openalex.org/W1989279348","https://openalex.org/W2027442956","https://openalex.org/W2038546254","https://openalex.org/W2050337122","https://openalex.org/W2068371905","https://openalex.org/W2072675177","https://openalex.org/W2075573792","https://openalex.org/W2077968790","https://openalex.org/W2082081125","https://openalex.org/W2110614570","https://openalex.org/W2112081648","https://openalex.org/W2123559271","https://openalex.org/W2165301409","https://openalex.org/W2166391252","https://openalex.org/W2174291059","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2373939130","https://openalex.org/W2391917438","https://openalex.org/W2411634453","https://openalex.org/W2593356872","https://openalex.org/W2624262830","https://openalex.org/W2737609272","https://openalex.org/W2781788540","https://openalex.org/W2793927960","https://openalex.org/W2905744937","https://openalex.org/W2910355480","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913267705","https://openalex.org/W2916889011","https://openalex.org/W2917677405","https://openalex.org/W2921254630","https://openalex.org/W2949039742","https://openalex.org/W2950536229","https://openalex.org/W2955786086","https://openalex.org/W2973059396","https://openalex.org/W2976462388","https://openalex.org/W2980395987","https://openalex.org/W2991751580","https://openalex.org/W2996988825","https://openalex.org/W3034933863","https://openalex.org/W3082044521","https://openalex.org/W3111700100","https://openalex.org/W3126641878","https://openalex.org/W3132467271","https://openalex.org/W3169386405","https://openalex.org/W3183303001","https://openalex.org/W3184214554","https://openalex.org/W3195433497","https://openalex.org/W3197773919","https://openalex.org/W3216300328","https://openalex.org/W4200302547","https://openalex.org/W4200317922","https://openalex.org/W4205419434","https://openalex.org/W4205796484","https://openalex.org/W4205917575","https://openalex.org/W4206968827","https://openalex.org/W4220972359","https://openalex.org/W4221081290","https://openalex.org/W4221090730","https://openalex.org/W4309845746","https://openalex.org/W4312193995","https://openalex.org/W4312694513","https://openalex.org/W4313408434","https://openalex.org/W4313856901","https://openalex.org/W4319298550","https://openalex.org/W4382982436","https://openalex.org/W4384562819","https://openalex.org/W6678373456","https://openalex.org/W6760719193","https://openalex.org/W6796510735","https://openalex.org/W6798657637","https://openalex.org/W6801045753","https://openalex.org/W6989957692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2102874016","https://openalex.org/W2352756686","https://openalex.org/W2354103845","https://openalex.org/W3689139","https://openalex.org/W2562553553","https://openalex.org/W101534222","https://openalex.org/W4233506365","https://openalex.org/W3092347950"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,143],"drought":[1,42,56,66,72,90,123,187,204,219,352,392,426],"results":[2,177,196,234],"from":[3,44,109,197,369,378],"the":[4,18,27,50,127,151,161,176,179,185,193,198,210,217,237,241,245,259,264,268,277,287,298,310,314,318,327,333,340,351,361,366,370,375,379,391,396,422],"combined":[5,113],"action":[6],"of":[7,13,21,29,55,132,160,178,184,192,240,258,309,360,424,440],"several":[8,169],"factors.":[9],"The":[10,61,158,173,233,254,307,347,386,403,417],"continuous":[11],"progress":[12],"remote":[14,31,98],"sensing":[15,32,99,107],"technology":[16,24],"and":[17,34,53,58,76,101,122,136,155,166,181,189,206,216,247,251,270,275,284,286,294,320,325,331,337,339,344,374,398,415,428,435,437],"rapid":[19],"development":[20],"artificial":[22],"intelligence":[23],"have":[25],"enabled":[26],"use":[28],"multisource":[30,96],"data":[33,100,108,229,368],"data-driven":[35],"machine":[36],"learning":[37],"(ML)":[38],"methods":[39,131,408],"to":[40,114],"mine":[41],"features":[43],"different":[45,129,406],"perspectives.":[46],"This":[47],"method":[48,125,147],"improves":[49],"generalization":[51],"ability":[52],"accuracy":[54,156,170],"monitoring":[57,67,124,311,376,397,427],"prediction":[59,429],"models.":[60],"present":[62],"study":[63],"focused":[64],"on":[65,95,209,267,317,365],"in":[68,82,230],"southwest":[69,231],"China,":[70],"where":[71,445],"disasters":[73],"occur":[74],"frequently":[75],"with":[77,84,432],"a":[78,116,410],"high":[79,411],"intensity,":[80],"especially":[81],"areas":[83],"limited":[85],"meteorological":[86,218,372],"station":[87,103,227],"coverage.":[88],"Several":[89],"indices":[91],"were":[92,112,200,302],"calculated":[93],"based":[94,208,364],"satellite":[97],"weather":[102,226,446],"observation":[104,228],"data.":[105],"Remote":[106],"multiple":[110],"sources":[111],"build":[115],"reconstructed":[117,262],"land":[118],"surface":[119],"temperature":[120],"(LST)":[121],"using":[126,168,225,263,313,355,395],"two":[128,405],"ML":[130,407],"random":[133],"forest":[134],"(RF)":[135],"eXtreme":[137],"Gradient":[138],"Boosting":[139],"(XGBoost":[140],"1.5.1),":[141],"respectively.":[142,253,296,346],"5-fold":[144,242],"cross-validation":[145],"(CV)":[146],"was":[148,163,249,273,282,292,323,329,335,342,382,401],"used":[149],"for":[150,244,430],"model\u2019s":[152],"hyperparameter":[153],"optimization":[154],"evaluation.":[157],"performance":[159],"model":[162,174,199,266,316,381,419],"also":[164],"assessed":[165],"validated":[167],"assessment":[171],"indicators.":[172],"monitored":[175],"spatial":[180],"temporal":[182],"distributions":[183],"drought,":[186],"grades,":[188],"influence":[190],"scope":[191],"drought.":[194],"These":[195],"compared":[201],"against":[202],"historical":[203],"situations":[205],"those":[207],"standardized":[211],"precipitation":[212],"evapotranspiration":[213],"index":[214,221],"(SPEI)":[215],"composite":[220],"(MCI)":[222],"values":[223,261,312,359,377,400],"estimated":[224],"China.":[232],"show":[235],"that":[236],"average":[238],"score":[239,290],"CV":[243],"RF":[246,265],"XGBoost":[248,315,380],"0.955":[250],"0.931,":[252],"root-mean-square":[255],"error":[256,280],"(RMSE)":[257],"LST":[260],"training":[269,319],"test":[271,321],"sets":[272,322],"1.172":[274],"2.236,":[276],"mean":[278],"absolute":[279],"(MAE)":[281],"0.847":[283],"1.719,":[285],"explained":[288],"variance":[289],"(EVS)":[291],"0.901":[293],"0.858,":[295],"Furthermore,":[297],"correlation":[299],"coefficients":[300],"(CCs)":[301],"all":[303],"greater":[304],"than":[305,384],"0.9.":[306],"RMSE":[308],"0.135":[324],"0.435,":[326],"MAE":[328],"0.095":[330],"0.328,":[332],"EVS":[334],"0.976":[336],"0.782,":[338],"CC":[341],"0.982":[343],"0.868,":[345],"consistency":[348,388],"rate":[349,389],"between":[350,390],"grades":[353,393],"identified":[354,394],"SPEI1":[356],"(the":[357],"SPEI":[358],"1-month":[362],"scale)":[363],"observed":[367],"144":[371],"stations":[373,447],"more":[383],"85%.":[385],"overall":[387],"MCI":[399],"67.88%.":[402],"aforementioned":[404],"achieved":[409],"comprehensive":[412],"performance,":[413],"accuracy,":[414],"applicability.":[416],"constructed":[418],"can":[420],"improve":[421],"level":[423],"dynamic":[425],"regions":[431],"complex":[433],"terrain":[434],"topography":[436],"formative":[438],"factors":[439],"climate":[441],"as":[442,444],"well":[443],"are":[448],"sparsely":[449],"distributed.":[450]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
