{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387056903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194690","title":"AOGC: Anchor-Free Oriented Object Detection Based on Gaussian Centerness","display_name":"AOGC: Anchor-Free Oriented Object Detection Based on Gaussian Centerness","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387056903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15194690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194690","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/19/4690/pdf?version=1695635101","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/19/4690/pdf?version=1695635101","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101519736","display_name":"Zechen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4554-133X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zechen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China","Yangtze River Delta Research Institute (Jiaxing), Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314003, China","Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yangtze River Delta Research Institute (Jiaxing), Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046077837","display_name":"Chun Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5177-6808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China","Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058372289","display_name":"Jie Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8376-7669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China","Yangtze River Delta Research Institute (Jiaxing), Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314003, China","Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yangtze River Delta Research Institute (Jiaxing), Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049976796","display_name":"Qun Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-731X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qun Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China","Yangtze River Delta Research Institute (Jiaxing), Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314003, China","Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yangtze River Delta Research Institute (Jiaxing), Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing 100081, China;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058372289"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.3559,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59955114,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"19","first_page":"4690","last_page":"4690"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8448961973190308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5982835292816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5859875679016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.5415456891059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5240592956542969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.45803478360176086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4249688982963562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4115632474422455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4108846187591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38385826349258423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3224288821220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06906500458717346}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8448961973190308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5982835292816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5859875679016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5415456891059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5240592956542969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.45803478360176086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4249688982963562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4115632474422455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4108846187591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38385826349258423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3224288821220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06906500458717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15194690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194690","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/19/4690/pdf?version=1695635101","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d1e7010f29804c4f94ed1db3cb736e06","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d1e7010f29804c4f94ed1db3cb736e06","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 19, p 4690 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/19/4690/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15194690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15194690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194690","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/19/4690/pdf?version=1695635101","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1131760409","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62275022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1913516517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4222017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2745511266","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6227502","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6426495018","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KJFGS-QTZCHT-2022-008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387056903.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2286929393","https://openalex.org/W2400138547","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2593539516","https://openalex.org/W2903141337","https://openalex.org/W2925359305","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964979676","https://openalex.org/W2966307781","https://openalex.org/W2967487473","https://openalex.org/W2991363140","https://openalex.org/W3010864078","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W3034993937","https://openalex.org/W3046174881","https://openalex.org/W3092088889","https://openalex.org/W3097779785","https://openalex.org/W3106228955","https://openalex.org/W3111355700","https://openalex.org/W3117812033","https://openalex.org/W3119027652","https://openalex.org/W3136761610","https://openalex.org/W3174389852","https://openalex.org/W3175496347","https://openalex.org/W4308119868","https://openalex.org/W4312609198","https://openalex.org/W4318481158","https://openalex.org/W4360839569","https://openalex.org/W4366578460","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W6782137339"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366906938","https://openalex.org/W2349391998","https://openalex.org/W4205655149","https://openalex.org/W2000775715","https://openalex.org/W2795393339","https://openalex.org/W2074467390","https://openalex.org/W4254303342","https://openalex.org/W4390618967","https://openalex.org/W2626393719","https://openalex.org/W1495042958"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Oriented":[0],"object":[1,35,69,175],"detection":[2,10,70,82,176],"is":[3,78,119],"a":[4,51,79,102,129,145],"challenging":[5],"task":[6],"in":[7,29,172],"scene":[8],"text":[9],"and":[11,16,49,118,153,177],"remote":[12],"sensing":[13],"image":[14],"analysis,":[15],"it":[17],"has":[18],"attracted":[19],"extensive":[20],"attention":[21,88],"due":[22],"to":[23,60,91,169,181],"the":[24,43,47,93,97,107,138,150,156,182],"development":[25],"of":[26,46,54,96,140,147],"deep":[27],"learning":[28],"recent":[30],"years.":[31],"Currently,":[32],"mainstream":[33],"oriented":[34,68,108,174],"detectors":[36],"are":[37],"anchor-based":[38],"methods.":[39,184],"These":[40],"methods":[41,171],"increase":[42],"computational":[44],"load":[45],"network":[48],"cause":[50],"large":[52,122],"amount":[53],"anchor":[55],"box":[56],"redundancy.":[57],"In":[58],"order":[59],"address":[61],"this":[62],"issue,":[63],"we":[64,100,127],"proposed":[65],"an":[66],"anchor-free":[67,81],"method":[71,85,105],"based":[72],"on":[73,149,155],"Gaussian":[74,130],"centerness":[75,132],"(AOGC),":[76],"which":[77,110],"single-stage":[80,173],"method.":[83],"Our":[84,160],"uses":[86],"contextual":[87,94],"FPN":[89],"(CAFPN)":[90],"obtain":[92],"information":[95],"target.":[98],"Then,":[99],"designed":[101],"label":[103],"assignment":[104],"for":[106,121],"objects,":[109],"can":[111,135],"select":[112],"positive":[113],"samples":[114],"with":[115],"higher":[116],"quality":[117],"suitable":[120],"aspect":[123],"ratio":[124],"targets.":[125],"Finally,":[126],"developed":[128],"kernel-based":[131],"branch":[133],"that":[134,164],"effectively":[136],"determine":[137],"significance":[139],"different":[141],"anchors.":[142],"AOGC":[143,165],"achieved":[144],"mAP":[146],"74.30%":[148],"DOTA-1.0":[151],"datasets":[152],"89.80%":[154],"HRSC2016":[157],"datasets,":[158],"respectively.":[159],"experimental":[161],"results":[162],"show":[163],"exhibits":[166],"superior":[167],"performance":[168,180],"other":[170],"achieves":[178],"similar":[179],"two-stage":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
