{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386894832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184602","title":"Statistical Evaluation of the Performance of Gridded Daily Precipitation Products from Reanalysis Data, Satellite Estimates, and Merged Analyses over Global Land","display_name":"Statistical Evaluation of the Performance of Gridded Daily Precipitation Products from Reanalysis Data, Satellite Estimates, and Merged Analyses over Global Land","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386894832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15184602","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184602","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4602/pdf?version=1695110747","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4602/pdf?version=1695110747","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102157669","display_name":"Weihua Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063248460","display_name":"Suping Nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8405-1125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133131","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767927","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","ror":"https://ror.org/03d2yag39","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131","https://openalex.org/I4391767927"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suping Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China","Key Laboratory of Earth System Modeling and Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China","State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Earth System Modeling and Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131","https://openalex.org/I4391767927"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115594069","display_name":"Lijuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1799-3941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lijuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033811381","display_name":"Liang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4388-526X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152758","display_name":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/0424h4e32","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210152758"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152758","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063248460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092","https://openalex.org/I4210133131","https://openalex.org/I4391767927"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.4727,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63311237,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"18","first_page":"4602","last_page":"4602"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.7933232188224792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.7286894917488098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7198279500007629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-forecast-system","display_name":"Climate Forecast System","score":0.6164048910140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5579248070716858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4061241149902344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11127936840057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.08314335346221924}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.7933232188224792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.7286894917488098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7198279500007629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780161134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17073022","display_name":"Climate Forecast System","level":3,"score":0.6164048910140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5579248070716858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4061241149902344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11127936840057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08314335346221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15184602","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184602","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4602/pdf?version=1695110747","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:657c9fa901a94aaead8c63d315515918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/657c9fa901a94aaead8c63d315515918","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 18, p 4602 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15184602","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184602","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4602/pdf?version=1695110747","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1477544716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Guangdong","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3910848210","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDA23090102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4018825501","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42275175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G406741515","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41801022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4108138694","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42275175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4833281923","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDA23090102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G487060609","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"8192016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5072066220","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDA23090102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6258415954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Chinese","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6830186755","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B030103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8716108400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020B030103004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8850663501","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41801022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8955107213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Major","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386894832.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1852984854","https://openalex.org/W1945159270","https://openalex.org/W1974038018","https://openalex.org/W1985114715","https://openalex.org/W1989120577","https://openalex.org/W1995622703","https://openalex.org/W2015410031","https://openalex.org/W2019224842","https://openalex.org/W2022548072","https://openalex.org/W2025274119","https://openalex.org/W2038162616","https://openalex.org/W2049899966","https://openalex.org/W2051332113","https://openalex.org/W2058921101","https://openalex.org/W2060172488","https://openalex.org/W2071352614","https://openalex.org/W2082134041","https://openalex.org/W2096533595","https://openalex.org/W2099270539","https://openalex.org/W2101394945","https://openalex.org/W2110367901","https://openalex.org/W2121745948","https://openalex.org/W2143357393","https://openalex.org/W2148881312","https://openalex.org/W2150516764","https://openalex.org/W2260021327","https://openalex.org/W2401535322","https://openalex.org/W2506083926","https://openalex.org/W2513550624","https://openalex.org/W2604572182","https://openalex.org/W2743169690","https://openalex.org/W2771159036","https://openalex.org/W3003295756","https://openalex.org/W3081568639","https://openalex.org/W3126429664","https://openalex.org/W6668174259"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2919971697","https://openalex.org/W2057668815","https://openalex.org/W2035144213","https://openalex.org/W2354666346","https://openalex.org/W2771339434","https://openalex.org/W1989327418","https://openalex.org/W1999994725","https://openalex.org/W2017685612","https://openalex.org/W2130693386","https://openalex.org/W4226430594"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,97],"Beijing":[1],"Climate":[2,66,151],"Center":[3],"of":[4,27,109,123,184,196,214,220,224,243],"the":[5,31,37,41,46,56,64,71,77,87,105,119,145,158,191,206,215,240],"China":[6],"Meteorological":[7],"Administration":[8],"(BCC/CMA)":[9],"has":[10],"developed":[11],"a":[12,137],"gauge-satellite-model":[13],"merged":[14],"gridded":[15,102,114,235],"daily":[16,52,62,111,125,197,244],"precipitation":[17,53,133,236,245],"dataset":[18,35],"with":[19,209],"complete":[20],"global":[21,51,88,110,124,247],"coverage,":[22],"called":[23],"BCC":[24],"Merged":[25],"Estimation":[26],"Precipitation":[28,58],"(BMEP).":[29],"Using":[30],"unified":[32],"rain":[33],"gauge":[34],"from":[36,91,147],"CPC":[38],"(CPC-U)":[39],"as":[40],"independent":[42],"benchmark,":[43],"BMEP":[44,203,234],"and":[45,76,135,162,171,176,194,222],"four":[47],"most":[48],"widely":[49],"used":[50],"products,":[54,202],"including":[55],"Global":[57],"Climatology":[59],"Project":[60,82],"one-degree":[61],"(GPCP-1DD),":[63],"NCEP":[65],"Forecast":[67,152],"System":[68,153],"Reanalysis":[69,81],"(CFSR),":[70],"Interim":[72],"ECMWF":[73],"Re-analysis":[74],"(ERA-interim),":[75],"55":[78],"year":[79],"Japanese":[80],"(JRA-55),":[83],"are":[84],"evaluated":[85,201],"over":[86,246],"land":[89,248],"area":[90],"January":[92],"2003":[93],"to":[94,131,144,149],"December":[95],"2016.":[96],"results":[98],"show":[99,187],"that":[100,233],"all":[101],"datasets":[103,115],"capture":[104,118,239],"overall":[106,120],"spatiotemporal":[107,121,216],"variation":[108,122],"precipitation.":[112,126,198],"All":[113],"can":[116],"basically":[117],"However,":[127],"CFSR":[128,148],"data":[129,164,179,204,211,237],"tend":[130],"overestimate":[132],"intensity":[134],"exhibit":[136,205],"spurious":[138],"positive":[139],"trend":[140],"after":[141],"2010,":[142],"attributed":[143],"transition":[146],"NCEP\u2019s":[150],"Version":[154],"2":[155],"(CFSv2).":[156],"On":[157],"other":[159],"hand,":[160],"JRA-55":[161],"ERA-interim":[163],"demonstrate":[165],"higher":[166],"skill":[167],"in":[168,182,189,212],"characterizing":[169],"spatial":[170],"temporal":[172],"variations,":[173],"bias,":[174],"correlation,":[175],"RMSE.":[177],"GPCP-1DD":[178],"perform":[180],"well":[181],"terms":[183,213],"bias":[185],"but":[186],"limitations":[188],"detecting":[190],"interannual":[192],"variability":[193],"RMSE":[195],"Among":[199],"these":[200],"best":[207],"agreement":[208],"CPC-U":[210],"variation,":[217],"pattern,":[218],"magnitude":[219],"variability,":[221],"occurrence":[223],"rainfall":[225],"events":[226],"across":[227],"different":[228],"thresholds.":[229],"These":[230],"findings":[231],"indicate":[232],"effectively":[238],"actual":[241],"characteristics":[242],"areas.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}