{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386833023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184585","title":"Enhancing Land Cover Mapping and Monitoring: An Interactive and Explainable Machine Learning Approach Using Google Earth Engine","display_name":"Enhancing Land Cover Mapping and Monitoring: An Interactive and Explainable Machine Learning Approach Using Google Earth Engine","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386833023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184585"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15184585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184585","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4585/pdf?version=1695026030","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4585/pdf?version=1695026030","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007711395","display_name":"Haifei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3807-3734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haifei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Science Cooperative, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Science Cooperative, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101423489","display_name":"Liping Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9240-5501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liping Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for the Advancement of Spatial Informatics Research and Education (ASPIRE), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA","Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for the Advancement of Spatial Informatics Research and Education (ASPIRE), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002753315","display_name":"Qiusheng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5437-4073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiusheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography & Sustainability, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography & Sustainability, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101423489"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":7.3597,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97630275,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"18","first_page":"4585","last_page":"4585"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7417396306991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.7183239459991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.5805227160453796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5564402937889099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5281650424003601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4380859434604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.4117339253425598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.40850627422332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32556411623954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.324390709400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.3103393316268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.15322181582450867}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7417396306991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.7183239459991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5805227160453796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5564402937889099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5281650424003601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4380859434604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4117339253425598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.40850627422332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32556411623954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.324390709400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.3103393316268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.15322181582450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15184585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184585","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4585/pdf?version=1695026030","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1d4ebf2da31140519617cc62cd08bf8c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1d4ebf2da31140519617cc62cd08bf8c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 18, p 4585 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15184585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184585","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4585/pdf?version=1695026030","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1673391379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4306948779","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC22K1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322037","display_name":"Nuclear Safety and Security Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/05qk3ge34"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386833023.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981213426","https://openalex.org/W2011500029","https://openalex.org/W2084744129","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2218047931","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2560167313","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2792716760","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913323966","https://openalex.org/W2923222994","https://openalex.org/W2945526235","https://openalex.org/W2951518131","https://openalex.org/W2963008249","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2991419155","https://openalex.org/W3000716014","https://openalex.org/W3042626839","https://openalex.org/W3101676849","https://openalex.org/W3111875263","https://openalex.org/W3121096286","https://openalex.org/W3189411510","https://openalex.org/W3207200417","https://openalex.org/W3216065183","https://openalex.org/W4226427511","https://openalex.org/W4281619551","https://openalex.org/W4283157935","https://openalex.org/W4285011117","https://openalex.org/W4286722587","https://openalex.org/W4288420805","https://openalex.org/W4292451749","https://openalex.org/W4292977286","https://openalex.org/W4295048133","https://openalex.org/W4298007422","https://openalex.org/W4306179905","https://openalex.org/W4312002203","https://openalex.org/W4320040545","https://openalex.org/W4323022345","https://openalex.org/W4324056586","https://openalex.org/W4366086142","https://openalex.org/W4367298578","https://openalex.org/W4385172496","https://openalex.org/W4385260189","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6803524230","https://openalex.org/W6838137152","https://openalex.org/W6843943731"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2341492732","https://openalex.org/W3187193180","https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W3192667092","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"and":[3,23,37,43,48,57,79,88,97,122,148,166,174],"machine":[4],"learning":[5],"(ML)":[6],"have":[7],"been":[8],"applied":[9],"to":[10,25,34,39,50,94,161,187],"solve":[11],"various":[12],"remote":[13,28,179,192],"sensing":[14,29,180,193],"problems.":[15],"To":[16,71],"fully":[17],"leverage":[18],"the":[19,52,73,99,115,129,163],"power":[20],"of":[21,117,131,135,168,178],"AI":[22,42,190],"ML":[24,44,100],"tackle":[26],"impactful":[27],"problems,":[30],"it":[31],"is":[32],"essential":[33,63],"enable":[35],"researchers":[36,186],"practitioners":[38],"understand":[40],"how":[41],"models":[45,101],"actually":[46],"work":[47],"thus":[49],"improve":[51,98],"model":[53],"performance":[54],"strategically.":[55],"Accurate":[56],"timely":[58],"land":[59,67,104,119,123,136],"cover":[60,105,120,124,137],"maps":[61],"are":[62,143,159],"components":[64],"for":[65,76,103],"informed":[66],"management":[68],"decision":[69],"making.":[70],"address":[72],"ever-increasing":[74],"need":[75],"high":[77],"spatial":[78],"temporal":[80],"resolution":[81],"maps,":[82],"this":[83],"paper":[84],"developed":[85],"an":[86],"interactive":[87],"open-source":[89],"online":[90],"tool,":[91],"in":[92],"Python,":[93],"help":[95],"interpret":[96],"used":[102],"mapping":[106],"with":[107,195],"Google":[108],"Earth":[109],"Engine":[110],"(GEE).":[111],"The":[112],"tool":[113,183],"integrates":[114],"workflow":[116],"both":[118],"classification":[121],"change":[125],"dynamics,":[126],"which":[127],"requires":[128],"generation":[130],"a":[132,171],"time":[133],"series":[134],"maps.":[138],"Three":[139],"feature":[140,154],"importance":[141],"metrics":[142],"reported,":[144],"including":[145],"impurity-based,":[146],"permutation-based,":[147],"SHAP":[149],"(Shapley":[150],"additive":[151],"explanations)":[152],"value-based":[153],"importance.":[155],"Two":[156],"case":[157],"studies":[158],"presented":[160],"showcase":[162],"tool\u2019s":[164],"capability":[165],"ease":[167],"use,":[169],"enabling":[170],"globally":[172],"accessible":[173],"free":[175],"convergent":[176],"application":[177],"technologies.":[181],"This":[182],"may":[184],"inspire":[185],"facilitate":[188],"explainable":[189],"(XAI)-empowered":[191],"applications":[194],"GEE.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
