{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386833130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184556","title":"Driving Source of Change for Ionosphere before Large Earthquake -Vertical Ground Motion-","display_name":"Driving Source of Change for Ionosphere before Large Earthquake -Vertical Ground Motion-","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386833130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15184556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184556","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4556/pdf?version=1695019682","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4556/pdf?version=1695019682","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101635820","display_name":"Chia\u2010Hung Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-2434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Hung Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701002, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701002, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111440413","display_name":"Koichiro Oyama","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koichiro Oyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Research Center for Space and Planetary Environmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan","Ltd. Asia Space Environment Research Consortium, Sagamiharashi 252-0124, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center for Space and Planetary Environmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ltd. Asia Space Environment Research Consortium, Sagamiharashi 252-0124, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029529593","display_name":"Hau-Kun Jhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6977-5857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128530","display_name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4nqn69","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128530","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hau-Kun Jhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan","Institute of Earth Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115962, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Earth Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115962, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128530"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024317466","display_name":"Uma Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1060-6041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26072440","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad","ror":"https://ror.org/03rgjt374","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26072440"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I77501641","display_name":"University of Kalyani","ror":"https://ror.org/03v783k16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77501641"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uma Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Information Technology Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77501641","https://openalex.org/I26072440"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101635820"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.5803,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64164703,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"18","first_page":"4556","last_page":"4556"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10110","display_name":"earthquake and tectonic studies","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.7779947519302368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.7278847694396973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.6078743934631348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-motion","display_name":"Ground motion","score":0.5719751119613647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earths-magnetic-field","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","score":0.5329756736755371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disturbance","display_name":"Disturbance (geology)","score":0.5045257806777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.4739896357059479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.4130484461784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17688921093940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.07805299758911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.05776640772819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.7779947519302368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.7278847694396973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.6078743934631348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988284105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11424730","display_name":"Ground motion","level":2,"score":0.5719751119613647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199635899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500960","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","level":3,"score":0.5329756736755371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283581","display_name":"Disturbance (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5045257806777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.4739896357059479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.4130484461784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17688921093940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.07805299758911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.05776640772819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15184556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184556","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4556/pdf?version=1695019682","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:69298580313f44d88df58e7bb5695c1c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/69298580313f44d88df58e7bb5695c1c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 18, p 4556 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15184556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184556","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4556/pdf?version=1695019682","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316499","display_name":"National Applied Research Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/05wcstg80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324663","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386833130.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W344251159","https://openalex.org/W971186661","https://openalex.org/W1696335684","https://openalex.org/W1772739784","https://openalex.org/W1780484858","https://openalex.org/W1907127744","https://openalex.org/W1977504503","https://openalex.org/W1985298050","https://openalex.org/W1990721548","https://openalex.org/W1990924266","https://openalex.org/W1998169743","https://openalex.org/W2030616178","https://openalex.org/W2034657185","https://openalex.org/W2044107609","https://openalex.org/W2046060108","https://openalex.org/W2053591377","https://openalex.org/W2086068384","https://openalex.org/W2101799402","https://openalex.org/W2102503496","https://openalex.org/W2104654423","https://openalex.org/W2123352929","https://openalex.org/W2127419593","https://openalex.org/W2129960527","https://openalex.org/W2133210668","https://openalex.org/W2142830840","https://openalex.org/W2166020934","https://openalex.org/W2168733935","https://openalex.org/W2172021295","https://openalex.org/W2185951003","https://openalex.org/W2238920231","https://openalex.org/W2791542448","https://openalex.org/W2909170584","https://openalex.org/W3040715363","https://openalex.org/W6611674457","https://openalex.org/W6625525257","https://openalex.org/W6659136039","https://openalex.org/W6686435257"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2600626271","https://openalex.org/W2044949058","https://openalex.org/W1663933349","https://openalex.org/W657208614","https://openalex.org/W2129280777","https://openalex.org/W3168249535","https://openalex.org/W2590543862","https://openalex.org/W4242995031","https://openalex.org/W2016646037","https://openalex.org/W2073758453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"discusses":[2],"the":[3,6,14,25,38,64,69,74,79,88,92,100,105,108,111,114,135,142,147,155,163,199,208,222,230],"relationship":[4],"between":[5],"vertical":[7,26,52,75,118,129,156,170,183,231],"ground":[8,27,53,76,119,130,157,171,184,232],"motion":[9,28,54,77,120,131,158,172,185],"and":[10,37,45,140],"ionospheric":[11,65,164,224],"disturbances":[12],"before":[13,104],"Kumamoto":[15],"earthquake":[16,143],"on":[17,117],"16":[18],"April":[19],"2016,":[20],"in":[21,35,43,63,162],"Kyushu,":[22,36],"Japan,":[23],"using":[24,229],"measured":[29],"by":[30,41,134,146,228],"slant":[31,93],"gauges":[32],"widely":[33],"distributed":[34],"NmF2":[39,103],"observed":[40],"ionosondes":[42],"Japan":[44],"another":[46],"region.":[47],"We":[48],"provide":[49,218],"evidence":[50],"that":[51,60,128,141,191],"excites":[55],"internal":[56],"gravity":[57],"waves":[58],"(IGWs)":[59],"disturb":[61,160],"changes":[62],"plasma":[66,165],"density.":[67],"From":[68],"spectral":[70],"analysis":[71],"results":[72,213],"of":[73,81,91,102,113,214,226],"data,":[78],"summation":[80],"various":[82],"period":[83,173],"(frequency)":[84],"components":[85],"analyzed":[86],"from":[87],"original":[89],"data":[90],"gauge":[94],"shows":[95],"a":[96,219],"possible":[97,202],"correlation":[98],"with":[99,204],"change":[101],"earthquake.":[106],"On":[107],"other":[109],"hand,":[110],"influence":[112],"geomagnetic":[115,136,148],"disturbance":[116,137],"seems":[121],"to":[122,159,188,206],"exist.":[123],"However,":[124],"we":[125],"cannot":[126],"confirm":[127],"is":[132,144,210],"influenced":[133],"(Kp":[138],"index)":[139],"triggered":[145],"disturbance.":[149],"There":[150],"are":[151],"two":[152],"conditions":[153],"for":[154,221],"variations":[161],"density:":[166],"(1)":[167],"The":[168,212],"effective":[169],"should":[174,186],"be":[175,195],"shorter":[176],"than":[177],"5":[178],"h.":[179],"In":[180],"addition,":[181],"(2)":[182],"continue":[187],"exist":[189],"so":[190],"wave":[192],"energy":[193],"can":[194,217],"continuously":[196],"injected":[197],"into":[198],"atmosphere.":[200],"A":[201],"mechanism":[203],"which":[205],"modify":[207],"ionosphere":[209],"discussed.":[211],"this":[215],"study":[216],"basis":[220],"future":[223],"precursors":[225],"earthquakes":[227],"motion.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-20T17:24:06.736184","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
