{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386496263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184405","title":"Improved Amplitude-Phase Calibration Method of Nonlinear Array for Wide-Beam High-Frequency Surface Wave Radar","display_name":"Improved Amplitude-Phase Calibration Method of Nonlinear Array for Wide-Beam High-Frequency Surface Wave Radar","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386496263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184405"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15184405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184405","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4405/pdf?version=1694079282","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4405/pdf?version=1694079282","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021855408","display_name":"Wei Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0999-9098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161350542","display_name":"China Three Gorges University","ror":"https://ror.org/0419nfc77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China","Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052807377","display_name":"Han Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3838-7848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161350542","display_name":"China Three Gorges University","ror":"https://ror.org/0419nfc77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Han Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China","Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3838-7848","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027973107","display_name":"Zhihui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2968-4632"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Zhongnan Pengli Ocean Detection System Engineering Co., Ltd., Yichang 430000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Zhongnan Pengli Ocean Detection System Engineering Co., Ltd., Yichang 430000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101606339","display_name":"Shu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8076-8797"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Zhongnan Pengli Ocean Detection System Engineering Co., Ltd., Yichang 430000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Zhongnan Pengli Ocean Detection System Engineering Co., Ltd., Yichang 430000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111036145","display_name":"Yuandong Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuandong Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhuhai Marine Environment Monitoring Center Station of State Oceanic Administration, Zhuhai 519000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhuhai Marine Environment Monitoring Center Station of State Oceanic Administration, Zhuhai 519000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077832644","display_name":"Fangqing Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-3189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161350542","display_name":"China Three Gorges University","ror":"https://ror.org/0419nfc77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangqing Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China","Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052807377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.6376,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93565464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"18","first_page":"4405","last_page":"4405"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.7429899573326111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.603805661201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5779997706413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.560695469379425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4941706955432892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4653276801109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.43999502062797546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.40408024191856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.30348843336105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24246516823768616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22412261366844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.0899493396282196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.7429899573326111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.603805661201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5779997706413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.560695469379425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4941706955432892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4653276801109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.43999502062797546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.40408024191856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30348843336105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24246516823768616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22412261366844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0899493396282196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15184405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184405","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4405/pdf?version=1694079282","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6ed045878ee14c759ff12677d8022b4e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6ed045878ee14c759ff12677d8022b4e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 18, p 4405 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/18/4405/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15184405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15184405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184405","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/18/4405/pdf?version=1694079282","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5655604273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022CFB786","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326502","funder_display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Hubei Provincial People's Government"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G577721383","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"A23-2-013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326502","funder_display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Hubei Provincial People's Government"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326502","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Hubei Provincial People's Government","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334950","display_name":"State Oceanic Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05pxfr638"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386496263.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588050343","https://openalex.org/W1963799790","https://openalex.org/W2014883701","https://openalex.org/W2028340438","https://openalex.org/W2077869600","https://openalex.org/W2086813667","https://openalex.org/W2094101434","https://openalex.org/W2104311815","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2128437401","https://openalex.org/W2146274972","https://openalex.org/W2171511199","https://openalex.org/W2462327512","https://openalex.org/W2535500903","https://openalex.org/W2771373141","https://openalex.org/W2806268435","https://openalex.org/W2810856728","https://openalex.org/W2980333111","https://openalex.org/W3180282223","https://openalex.org/W3202113963","https://openalex.org/W4296873000","https://openalex.org/W4384519065","https://openalex.org/W4385151654","https://openalex.org/W6657505197","https://openalex.org/W6801735408","https://openalex.org/W6843399738"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2160293638","https://openalex.org/W2065958818","https://openalex.org/W1983290920","https://openalex.org/W2001954398","https://openalex.org/W1575077847","https://openalex.org/W1514665570","https://openalex.org/W1915053000","https://openalex.org/W3098944634","https://openalex.org/W2059291953","https://openalex.org/W3133982366"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,180],"amplitude":[1,61,82,190],"and":[2,99,130,171,191],"phase":[3,102,114,192],"errors":[4],"in":[5,11,19,78,142,152,198],"array":[6,64,109],"elements":[7,65],"lead":[8],"to":[9,66,178],"uncertainties":[10],"the":[12,22,57,60,76,81,87,93,100,113,148,156,189],"estimation":[13],"of":[14,24,59,70,176,195],"arrival":[15],"angles":[16],"(DOA),":[17],"which,":[18],"turn,":[20],"affect":[21],"accuracy":[23],"current":[25],"measurements":[26],"for":[27,45,188],"high-frequency":[28],"surface":[29],"wave":[30],"radar":[31],"(HFSWR).":[32],"To":[33],"address":[34],"this":[35,37,143,184],"issue,":[36],"paper":[38],"proposes":[39],"a":[40,46,51,160,172],"passive":[41],"amplitude-phase":[42],"self-calibration":[43],"method":[44,55,124,185],"wide-beam":[47,199],"HFSWR":[48,139,200],"system":[49],"with":[50,155,159],"nonlinear":[52,196],"array.":[53],"This":[54,123],"utilizes":[56],"aggregation":[58],"ratio":[62],"among":[63],"screen":[67],"reception":[68,79],"matrices":[69],"single":[71],"DOA":[72],"sources.":[73],"Based":[74],"on":[75],"differences":[77],"matrices,":[80],"error":[83,103,115,164,193],"is":[84,90,104,116,140,186],"calibrated.":[85],"Moreover,":[86],"cost":[88],"function":[89],"calculated":[91],"using":[92],"multiple":[94],"signal":[95],"classification":[96],"(MUSIC)":[97],"algorithm,":[98],"initial":[101],"first":[105],"obtained":[106,137],"after":[107],"triangular":[108],"dimensionality":[110],"reduction.":[111],"Then,":[112],"further":[117],"calibrated":[118],"through":[119,128],"quadratic-form":[120],"iterative":[121],"optimization.":[122],"has":[125],"been":[126],"validated":[127],"simulations":[129],"real":[131],"measurements.":[132],"An":[133],"approximately":[134],"4-day":[135],"dataset":[136],"via":[138],"reanalyzed":[141],"paper.":[144],"After":[145],"data":[146],"calibration,":[147],"radar-estimated":[149],"currents":[150],"were":[151],"good":[153],"agreement":[154],"buoy-measured":[157],"results,":[158],"root":[161],"mean":[162],"square":[163],"(RMSE)":[165],"as":[166,168],"low":[167],"0.06":[169],"m/s":[170],"correlation":[173],"coefficient":[174],"(CC)":[175],"up":[177],"0.88.":[179],"results":[181],"indicate":[182],"that":[183],"suitable":[187],"calibration":[194],"arrays":[197],"systems.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T08:27:34.040176","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}