{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386307242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174285","title":"Deep Learning-Based Detection of Urban Forest Cover Change along with Overall Urban Changes Using Very-High-Resolution Satellite Images","display_name":"Deep Learning-Based Detection of Urban Forest Cover Change along with Overall Urban Changes Using Very-High-Resolution Satellite Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386307242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15174285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174285","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4285/pdf?version=1693470456","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4285/pdf?version=1693470456","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042031658","display_name":"Aisha Javed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7694-6957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aisha Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040542885","display_name":"Taeheon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1743-5134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taeheon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042870755","display_name":"Changhui Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5665-4001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changhui Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071238966","display_name":"Jaehong Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7426-6878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197867492","display_name":"Korea Maritime and Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v7y5b55","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaehong Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085605622","display_name":"Youkyung Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6586-8503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Youkyung Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085605622"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.9393,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94292489,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"17","first_page":"4285","last_page":"4285"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.6412874460220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6249093413352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-forest","display_name":"Urban forest","score":0.5975837707519531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deforestation","display_name":"Deforestation (computer science)","score":0.5610609650611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"Urbanization","score":0.4974360764026642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4921049475669861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.48990100622177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.46372243762016296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.42340725660324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3963100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-resource-management","display_name":"Environmental resource management","score":0.35735201835632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.33450281620025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.31683459877967834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.26762884855270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.19534644484519958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.09767806529998779}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.6412874460220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6249093413352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776426263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197552","display_name":"Urban forest","level":2,"score":0.5975837707519531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777399953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155658","display_name":"Deforestation (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5610609650611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.4974360764026642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4921049475669861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.48990100622177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.46372243762016296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.42340725660324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3963100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.35735201835632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.33450281620025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.31683459877967834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26762884855270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.19534644484519958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09767806529998779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15174285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174285","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4285/pdf?version=1693470456","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2838bd71ae334c81b8f5e98e7d58e1a3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2838bd71ae334c81b8f5e98e7d58e1a3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 17, p 4285 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/17/4285/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15174285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15174285","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174285","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4285/pdf?version=1693470456","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2202836915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00155763","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324625","funder_display_name":"Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6657893693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322010","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8103407278","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00155763","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322010","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322010","display_name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/04xt5aa77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324625","display_name":"Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement","ror":"https://ror.org/00rxf7n07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386307242.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W284025563","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1982657128","https://openalex.org/W2036719928","https://openalex.org/W2161273109","https://openalex.org/W2476045487","https://openalex.org/W2627081599","https://openalex.org/W2753093605","https://openalex.org/W2792827505","https://openalex.org/W2906195752","https://openalex.org/W2946587022","https://openalex.org/W2954332586","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2966542792","https://openalex.org/W2988020997","https://openalex.org/W3001888133","https://openalex.org/W3011156941","https://openalex.org/W3018425007","https://openalex.org/W3036453075","https://openalex.org/W3038801422","https://openalex.org/W3046232680","https://openalex.org/W3047250172","https://openalex.org/W3095927019","https://openalex.org/W3102127038","https://openalex.org/W3114429882","https://openalex.org/W3172975293","https://openalex.org/W3200987065","https://openalex.org/W3207820256","https://openalex.org/W3209745495","https://openalex.org/W3215681176","https://openalex.org/W4213124617","https://openalex.org/W4220756528","https://openalex.org/W4283743624","https://openalex.org/W4284992611","https://openalex.org/W4308159485","https://openalex.org/W4317510620","https://openalex.org/W4319801460","https://openalex.org/W6720969598","https://openalex.org/W6744072370","https://openalex.org/W6801546078"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392907783","https://openalex.org/W1985072978","https://openalex.org/W891751532","https://openalex.org/W2375489112","https://openalex.org/W2370838374","https://openalex.org/W2354222596","https://openalex.org/W3104235236","https://openalex.org/W4287600708","https://openalex.org/W3207762859","https://openalex.org/W2804912081"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urban":[0],"forests":[1,73],"globally":[2],"face":[3],"severe":[4],"degradation":[5],"due":[6],"to":[7,67,216],"human":[8],"activities":[9],"and":[10,22,122,204,225,243],"natural":[11,226],"disasters,":[12],"making":[13],"deforestation":[14],"an":[15],"urgent":[16],"environmental":[17,184],"challenge.":[18],"Remote":[19],"sensing":[20],"technology":[21],"very-high-resolution":[23],"(VHR)":[24],"bitemporal":[25,44,108,163],"satellite":[26],"imagery":[27,164],"enable":[28],"change":[29,136],"detection":[30],"(CD)":[31],"for":[32,40,65,116,130,142],"monitoring":[33,217],"forest":[34,41,95,119,147,180],"changes.":[35,149,185],"However,":[36],"deep":[37,55,92],"learning":[38],"techniques":[39],"CD":[42,96,144],"concatenate":[43],"images":[45,69],"into":[46],"a":[47,79,123,134],"single":[48,80],"input,":[49],"limiting":[50],"the":[51,76,83,102,131,153,161,188,191,195,199,218],"extraction":[52],"of":[53,133,165,220],"informative":[54],"features":[56],"from":[57],"individual":[58],"raw":[59],"images.":[60,109],"Furthermore,":[61],"they":[62],"are":[63,112,140],"developed":[64],"middle":[66],"low-resolution":[68],"focused":[70],"on":[71,146,187,228],"specific":[72],"such":[74],"as":[75,234,236],"Amazon":[77],"or":[78],"element":[81],"in":[82,87,101,179,194,240],"urban":[84,94,103,167,183,229,232,241,244],"environment.":[85],"Therefore,":[86],"this":[88],"study,":[89],"we":[90],"propose":[91],"learning-based":[93],"along":[97],"with":[98,208],"overall":[99],"changes":[100,178,239],"environment":[104,242],"by":[105],"using":[106,160,210],"VHR":[107,162],"Two":[110],"networks":[111,192],"used":[113,193],"independently:":[114],"DeepLabv3+":[115],"generating":[117],"binary":[118,135],"cover":[120,148],"masks,":[121],"deeply":[124],"supervised":[125],"image":[126],"fusion":[127],"network":[128],"(DSIFN)":[129],"generation":[132],"mask.":[137],"The":[138,174],"results":[139],"concatenated":[141],"semantic":[143],"focusing":[145],"To":[150],"carry":[151],"out":[152],"experiments,":[154],"full":[155],"scene":[156],"tests":[157],"were":[158],"performed":[159],"three":[166,171],"cities":[168],"acquired":[169],"via":[170],"different":[172],"satellites.":[173],"findings":[175],"reveal":[176],"significant":[177],"covers":[181],"alongside":[182],"Based":[186],"accuracy":[189,205],"assessment,":[190],"proposed":[196],"study":[197,214],"achieved":[198],"highest":[200],"F1-score,":[201],"kappa,":[202],"IoU,":[203],"values":[206],"compared":[207],"those":[209],"other":[211],"techniques.":[212],"This":[213],"contributes":[215],"impacts":[219],"climate":[221],"change,":[222],"rapid":[223],"urbanization,":[224],"disasters":[227],"environments":[230],"especially":[231],"forests,":[233],"well":[235],"relations":[237],"between":[238],"forests.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}