{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386284900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174265","title":"Impervious Surface Area Patterns and Their Response to Land Surface Temperature Mechanism in Urban\u2013Rural Regions of Qingdao, China","display_name":"Impervious Surface Area Patterns and Their Response to Land Surface Temperature Mechanism in Urban\u2013Rural Regions of Qingdao, China","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386284900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174265"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15174265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174265","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4265/pdf?version=1693402094","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4265/pdf?version=1693402094","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015270444","display_name":"Tao Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Remediation in Jining City, School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Remediation in Jining City, School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024497574","display_name":"Baofu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6986-135X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Baofu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Remediation in Jining City, School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Remediation in Jining City, School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067760869","display_name":"Letian Ning","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Letian Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Remediation in Jining City, School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Remediation in Jining City, School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024497574"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.2263,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76336229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"17","first_page":"4265","last_page":"4265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11692","display_name":"Noise Effects and Management","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10692","display_name":"Urban Green Space and Health","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impervious-surface","display_name":"Impervious surface","score":0.656871497631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.5669581294059753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/megacity","display_name":"Megacity","score":0.5371438264846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5084601640701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-expansion","display_name":"Urban expansion","score":0.430084228515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.4058023691177368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.40338027477264404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3988941013813019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.38140901923179626}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2668921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434713","display_name":"Impervious surface","level":2,"score":0.656871497631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.5669581294059753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127040729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174844","display_name":"Megacity","level":2,"score":0.5371438264846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5084601640701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984674859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192042","display_name":"Urban expansion","level":3,"score":0.430084228515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.4058023691177368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.40338027477264404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3988941013813019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.38140901923179626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15174265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174265","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4265/pdf?version=1693402094","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3751f8990a804c06b1c850196482bd1a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3751f8990a804c06b1c850196482bd1a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 17, p 4265 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/17/4265/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15174265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15174265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174265","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4265/pdf?version=1693402094","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386284900.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566477375","https://openalex.org/W1886448857","https://openalex.org/W1969589719","https://openalex.org/W1984811700","https://openalex.org/W1988797124","https://openalex.org/W1989379580","https://openalex.org/W2000342791","https://openalex.org/W2005832697","https://openalex.org/W2020977453","https://openalex.org/W2045635791","https://openalex.org/W2049827513","https://openalex.org/W2050301449","https://openalex.org/W2059080117","https://openalex.org/W2074913690","https://openalex.org/W2079966192","https://openalex.org/W2087776137","https://openalex.org/W2093600581","https://openalex.org/W2113753426","https://openalex.org/W2147199797","https://openalex.org/W2159515066","https://openalex.org/W2296325723","https://openalex.org/W2347115790","https://openalex.org/W2468193463","https://openalex.org/W2548698777","https://openalex.org/W2554470513","https://openalex.org/W2614011990","https://openalex.org/W2735817988","https://openalex.org/W2743893394","https://openalex.org/W2749381832","https://openalex.org/W2773889238","https://openalex.org/W2782808473","https://openalex.org/W2791437969","https://openalex.org/W2791835197","https://openalex.org/W2792627470","https://openalex.org/W2795511462","https://openalex.org/W2796299974","https://openalex.org/W2799735832","https://openalex.org/W2888489252","https://openalex.org/W2891557380","https://openalex.org/W2896448055","https://openalex.org/W2901869997","https://openalex.org/W2902436637","https://openalex.org/W2912245557","https://openalex.org/W2916007503","https://openalex.org/W2954632730","https://openalex.org/W2971250894","https://openalex.org/W2974957001","https://openalex.org/W2978295348","https://openalex.org/W2995366679","https://openalex.org/W3006512337","https://openalex.org/W3019972474","https://openalex.org/W3025286739","https://openalex.org/W3025879731","https://openalex.org/W3027230174","https://openalex.org/W3034215199","https://openalex.org/W3047800802","https://openalex.org/W3085972052","https://openalex.org/W3088312812","https://openalex.org/W3089807766","https://openalex.org/W3091973956","https://openalex.org/W3111816505","https://openalex.org/W3116116901","https://openalex.org/W3118477051","https://openalex.org/W3118522040","https://openalex.org/W3128915319","https://openalex.org/W3139019830","https://openalex.org/W3149377632","https://openalex.org/W3162976636","https://openalex.org/W3171659285","https://openalex.org/W3187173039","https://openalex.org/W3193633988","https://openalex.org/W3194349983","https://openalex.org/W3210663548","https://openalex.org/W4210376684","https://openalex.org/W4220980176","https://openalex.org/W4283835941","https://openalex.org/W4297236484","https://openalex.org/W4321639174","https://openalex.org/W4361278435","https://openalex.org/W4368372137","https://openalex.org/W6743441759","https://openalex.org/W6756987689","https://openalex.org/W6809409862","https://openalex.org/W6851355473"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946215271","https://openalex.org/W4386288289","https://openalex.org/W4206414959","https://openalex.org/W4383346259","https://openalex.org/W2186356874","https://openalex.org/W4205603439","https://openalex.org/W4206285282","https://openalex.org/W2123997922","https://openalex.org/W2922230163","https://openalex.org/W4255354662"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,91,223,291],"expansion":[1,105,178],"of":[2,9,33,45,59,68,98,107,139,294,315,325],"impervious":[3],"surface":[4,15,267],"area":[5,151],"(ISA)":[6],"in":[7,54,116,155,165,201,213,217,238,248,300,320],"megacities":[8],"China":[10,326],"often":[11],"leads":[12],"to":[13,48,124,258,263,284],"land":[14,84,99],"temperature":[16],"(LST)":[17],"aggregation":[18],"effects,":[19],"which":[20],"affect":[21],"living":[22],"environments":[23],"by":[24,173],"impacting":[25],"thermal":[26,268],"comfort":[27],"levels,":[28],"thus":[29],"becoming":[30],"an":[31,38],"issue":[32],"public":[34],"concern.":[35],"However,":[36],"from":[37,122,256,261],"urban\u2013rural":[39,317],"synchronous":[40,132,318],"comparison":[41],"perspective,":[42],"the":[43,55,104,117,156,174,184,190,202,214,229,239,249,253,273,285,295,301,316,321],"study":[44],"LST":[46,230,299],"responses":[47],"ISA":[49,133,162,175,296],"changes":[50,152,297],"is":[51],"still":[52],"lacking":[53],"central":[56,322],"coastal":[57,323],"megalopolises":[58],"China.":[60],"To":[61],"solve":[62],"this":[63],"issue,":[64],"a":[65,131,160,311,330],"collaborative":[66],"methodology":[67],"artificial":[69],"digitization\u2014fully":[70],"constrained":[71],"least":[72],"squares":[73],"mixed":[74],"pixel":[75],"decomposition\u2014split-window":[76],"algorithm\u2014PCACA":[77],"model":[78],"was":[79,135,171,232,306],"established":[80],"for":[81,333],"Qingdao":[82],"using":[83],"use":[85,100],"dataset":[86],"and":[87,109,114,128,143,150,159,168,179,198,205,210,220,235,245,260,272,303,327],"remote":[88],"sensing":[89],"images.":[90],"conclusions":[92],"are":[93],"below.":[94],"Long":[95],"time":[96],"series":[97],"monitoring":[101],"indicated":[102],"that":[103,189,228],"ratios":[106,138,149],"urban":[108,127,157,167,203,240,274,302],"rural":[110,129,169,215,250,286,304],"areas":[111,204,216,241,251],"were":[112,153,193,270],"131.29%":[113],"43.42%":[115],"past":[118],"50":[119],"years":[120],"(i.e.,":[121,288],"1970":[123],"2020).":[125],"Within":[126],"areas,":[130],"increase":[134],"observed,":[136],"with":[137],"+9.14%":[140],"(140.55":[141],"km2)":[142],"+7.94%":[144],"(28.04":[145],"km2),":[146],"respectively.":[147,265],"Higher":[148],"found":[154],"regions,":[158],"similar":[161],"change":[163,231,319],"pattern":[164],"both":[166],"regions":[170,275,287,305],"captured":[172],"horizontal":[176,185],"epitaxial":[177],"vertical":[180,224],"density":[181,225],"enhancement.":[182],"Further,":[183],"gradient":[186],"effect":[187,226,293],"displayed":[188,276],"mean":[191],"LSTs":[192],"28.75":[194],"\u00b0C,":[195,207],"29.77":[196],"\u00b0C":[197,200,209,212,234,237,244,247],"31.91":[199],"28.73":[206],"29.66":[208],"31.65":[211],"low-,":[218],"medium-,":[219],"high-density":[221],"ISAs.":[222],"showed":[227],"1.02":[233],"2.14":[236],"but":[242],"0.93":[243],"1.99":[246],"during":[252],"ISA-density":[254],"transition":[255],"low-":[257],"medium-":[259,262],"high-density,":[264],"Potential":[266],"indicators":[269],"assessed,":[271],"higher":[277],"sensible":[278],"heat":[279],"flux":[280],"(280.13":[281],"W/m2)":[282],"compared":[283],"274.76":[289],"W/m2).":[290],"mechanism":[292],"on":[298],"revealed.":[307],"These":[308],"findings":[309],"form":[310],"new":[312],"comparative":[313],"perspective":[314],"megalopolis":[324],"can":[328],"provide":[329],"practical":[331],"reference":[332],"relevant":[334],"studies.":[335]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}