{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386050751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164116","title":"DBH Estimation for Individual Tree: Two-Dimensional Images or Three-Dimensional Point Clouds?","display_name":"DBH Estimation for Individual Tree: Two-Dimensional Images or Three-Dimensional Point Clouds?","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386050751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15164116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164116","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/16/4116/pdf?version=1692671891","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/16/4116/pdf?version=1692671891","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013719579","display_name":"Zhihui Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6904-8756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46529539","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bwk9n38","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987","https://openalex.org/I46529539"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihui Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Resource and Environmental Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Resource and Environmental Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46529539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030380357","display_name":"Zhuo Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2335-1252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103157003","display_name":"Yanjie Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0939-3288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanjie Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037042702","display_name":"Lei Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4574-7381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Spatial Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037042702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.7575,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82922149,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"16","first_page":"4116","last_page":"4116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7160708904266357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6851836442947388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.6198021173477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6098818182945251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4853743314743042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diameter-at-breast-height","display_name":"Diameter at breast height","score":0.43335962295532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31845763325691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30538326501846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.23178738355636597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.15509110689163208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7160708904266357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6851836442947388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.6198021173477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6098818182945251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4853743314743042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58330081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973582","display_name":"Diameter at breast height","level":2,"score":0.43335962295532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31845763325691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30538326501846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23178738355636597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.15509110689163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15164116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164116","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/16/4116/pdf?version=1692671891","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4e3477d82e8b4b35a391dafbd57cbf01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4e3477d82e8b4b35a391dafbd57cbf01","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 16, p 4116 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/16/4116/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15164116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 16; Pages: 4116","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15164116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164116","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/16/4116/pdf?version=1692671891","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386050751.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1431538181","https://openalex.org/W1964011242","https://openalex.org/W2027787752","https://openalex.org/W2029169758","https://openalex.org/W2030364282","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2049981393","https://openalex.org/W2053030987","https://openalex.org/W2068857406","https://openalex.org/W2110642642","https://openalex.org/W2112458566","https://openalex.org/W2113521108","https://openalex.org/W2128866545","https://openalex.org/W2130464813","https://openalex.org/W2155260804","https://openalex.org/W2158834676","https://openalex.org/W2163450852","https://openalex.org/W2166516660","https://openalex.org/W2395179641","https://openalex.org/W2462610241","https://openalex.org/W2568967893","https://openalex.org/W2735168135","https://openalex.org/W2758203395","https://openalex.org/W2776415808","https://openalex.org/W2783707612","https://openalex.org/W2791056138","https://openalex.org/W2889568346","https://openalex.org/W2891260110","https://openalex.org/W2891621712","https://openalex.org/W2895573404","https://openalex.org/W2920653747","https://openalex.org/W2940477050","https://openalex.org/W2959133027","https://openalex.org/W2988418176","https://openalex.org/W2997685398","https://openalex.org/W3013872530","https://openalex.org/W3128484937","https://openalex.org/W3132640023","https://openalex.org/W3164189935","https://openalex.org/W3195881623","https://openalex.org/W3216804023","https://openalex.org/W4200601986","https://openalex.org/W4206033663","https://openalex.org/W4224307253","https://openalex.org/W4283829529","https://openalex.org/W4300093166","https://openalex.org/W4316193237","https://openalex.org/W4318684548","https://openalex.org/W4323843535","https://openalex.org/W4361248213","https://openalex.org/W4367303506","https://openalex.org/W4379745179","https://openalex.org/W4379927630","https://openalex.org/W4382201860","https://openalex.org/W4384558196","https://openalex.org/W4385440570","https://openalex.org/W6628588997","https://openalex.org/W6676548523","https://openalex.org/W6741389352","https://openalex.org/W6754155924","https://openalex.org/W6754873415","https://openalex.org/W6755575998","https://openalex.org/W6801163146","https://openalex.org/W6804803154","https://openalex.org/W6853070772","https://openalex.org/W6855525183"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376","https://openalex.org/W2351984678","https://openalex.org/W2140032575","https://openalex.org/W2011860471","https://openalex.org/W3011451421","https://openalex.org/W2012196540","https://openalex.org/W196913356","https://openalex.org/W3201030488","https://openalex.org/W2184308545"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"forest":[1,8,217],"parameters":[2,22,77],"are":[3],"crucial":[4],"for":[5,73],"ecological":[6],"protection,":[7],"resource":[9],"management":[10],"and":[11,36,44,53,99,119,145,155,167,170,176,196,208,219,231,263,283,299,355,358],"sustainable":[12],"development.":[13],"The":[14,84,233,238],"rapid":[15],"development":[16],"of":[17,70,86,94,105,186,205,256,280,285],"remote":[18],"sensing":[19],"can":[20,55],"retrieve":[21],"such":[23,50,295],"as":[24,51,296],"the":[25,57,92,103,135,147,153,162,182,190,197,203,225,244,248,252,270,275,288,303,320,326,334,351],"leaf":[26],"area":[27],"index,":[28,30],"cluster":[29],"diameter":[31],"at":[32,39],"breast":[33],"height":[34,38,60,175],"(DBH)":[35],"tree":[37,59,76,143,149,183,316,344],"different":[40,209],"scales":[41],"(e.g.,":[42],"plots":[43],"stands).":[45],"Although":[46],"some":[47],"LiDAR":[48,115,156],"satellites":[49],"GEDI":[52],"ICESAT-2":[54],"measure":[56],"average":[58],"in":[61,101,224,314,342],"a":[62,68,278,362],"certain":[63],"area,":[64],"there":[65],"is":[66,89],"still":[67],"lack":[69],"effective":[71],"means":[72],"obtaining":[74],"individual":[75,106,142,148,315,343],"using":[78,134,152,266,287],"high-resolution":[79],"satellite":[80],"data,":[81,159],"especially":[82],"DBH.":[83,249,264],"objective":[85],"this":[87,330],"study":[88,331],"to":[90,311,353],"explore":[91],"capability":[93,352],"2D":[95,164,239,335],"image-based":[96,165,240,336],"features":[97],"(texture":[98],"spectrum)":[100],"estimating":[102],"DBH":[104,199,226,272,317,345],"tree.":[107,188],"Firstly,":[108],"we":[109,140],"acquired":[110],"unmanned":[111],"aerial":[112,126],"vehicle":[113],"(UAV)":[114],"point":[116,129,157],"cloud":[117,130,158],"data":[118,131],"UAV":[120],"RGB":[121],"imagery,":[122],"from":[123,181],"which":[124,347],"digital":[125],"photography":[127],"(DAP)":[128],"were":[132,179,200,228],"generated":[133],"structure-from-motion":[136],"(SfM)":[137],"method.":[138],"Next,":[139],"performed":[141],"segmentation":[144],"extracted":[146,180],"crown":[150,177,184],"boundaries":[151,185],"DAP":[154],"respectively.":[160],"Subsequently,":[161],"eight":[163],"textural":[166,241,267,337],"spectral":[168,298],"metrics":[169,173,207,242,268,338],"3D":[171],"point-cloud-based":[172],"(tree":[174],"diameters)":[178],"each":[187,194],"Then,":[189],"correlation":[191,246,254],"coefficients":[192],"between":[193,260],"metric":[195],"reference":[198],"calculated.":[201],"Finally,":[202],"capabilities":[204],"these":[206],"models,":[210],"including":[211],"multiple":[212],"linear":[213],"regression":[214],"(MLR),":[215],"random":[216],"(RF)":[218],"support":[220],"vector":[221],"machine":[222,304],"(SVM),":[223],"estimation":[227],"quantitatively":[229],"evaluated":[230],"compared.":[232],"results":[234,313],"showed":[235],"that:":[236],"(1)":[237],"had":[243],"strongest":[245],"with":[247,277],"Among":[250],"them,":[251],"highest":[253],"coefficient":[255],"\u22120.582":[257],"was":[258,274],"observed":[259],"dissimilarity,":[261],"variance":[262],"When":[265],"alone,":[269],"estimated":[271],"accuracy":[273],"highest,":[276],"RMSE":[279],"only":[281],"0.032":[282],"RMSE%":[284],"16.879%":[286],"MLR":[289],"model;":[290],"(2)":[291],"Simply":[292],"feeding":[293],"multi-features,":[294],"textural,":[297],"structural":[300],"metrics,":[301],"into":[302],"learning":[305],"models":[306],"could":[307,323,348],"not":[308],"have":[309,339],"led":[310],"optimal":[312],"estimations;":[318],"on":[319,361],"contrary,":[321],"it":[322],"even":[324],"reduce":[325],"accuracy.":[327],"In":[328],"general,":[329],"indicated":[332],"that":[333],"great":[340],"potential":[341],"estimations,":[346],"help":[349],"improve":[350],"efficiently":[354],"meticulously":[356],"monitor":[357],"manage":[359],"forests":[360],"large":[363],"scale.":[364]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2023-08-23T00:00:00"}