{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386052079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164113","title":"The Suitability of Machine-Learning Algorithms for the Automatic Acoustic Seafloor Classification of Hard Substrate Habitats in the German Bight","display_name":"The Suitability of Machine-Learning Algorithms for the Automatic Acoustic Seafloor Classification of Hard Substrate Habitats in the German Bight","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386052079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15164113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/16/4113/pdf?version=1692706459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/16/4113/pdf?version=1692706459","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008850280","display_name":"Gavin Breyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7945-6235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141534","display_name":"Senckenberg am Meer","ror":"https://ror.org/03sd3yf61","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802697327","https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210141534"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gavin Breyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senckenberg am Meer, Marine Research, S\u00fcdstrand 40, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senckenberg am Meer, Marine Research, S\u00fcdstrand 40, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002390857","display_name":"Alexander Bartholom\u00e4","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141534","display_name":"Senckenberg am Meer","ror":"https://ror.org/03sd3yf61","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802697327","https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210141534"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Bartholom\u00e4","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senckenberg am Meer, Marine Research, S\u00fcdstrand 40, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senckenberg am Meer, Marine Research, S\u00fcdstrand 40, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141534"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082172198","display_name":"Roland Pesch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6639-8187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10889393","display_name":"Jade University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02vvvm705","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10889393"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roland Pesch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jade Hochschule Oldenburg, Institute for Applied Photogrammetry and Geoinformatics (IAPG), Ofener Str. 16/19, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jade Hochschule Oldenburg, Institute for Applied Photogrammetry and Geoinformatics (IAPG), Ofener Str. 16/19, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10889393"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008850280"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141534"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0725,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76660553,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"16","first_page":"4113","last_page":"4113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.953000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.9438999891281128,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.700042188167572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6366333365440369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.629527747631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-vector-quantization","display_name":"Learning vector quantization","score":0.5677486658096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.558125913143158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-scan-sonar","display_name":"Side-scan sonar","score":0.5356167554855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5098111033439636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47949033975601196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4635768234729767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4442101716995239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-quantization","display_name":"Vector quantization","score":0.42129743099212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3673686981201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar","display_name":"Sonar","score":0.2817324101924896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.700042188167572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6366333365440369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.629527747631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40567965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820283","display_name":"Learning vector quantization","level":3,"score":0.5677486658096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.558125913143158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776355146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357527","display_name":"Side-scan sonar","level":3,"score":0.5356167554855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5098111033439636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47949033975601196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4635768234729767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4442101716995239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199833920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612536","display_name":"Vector quantization","level":2,"score":0.42129743099212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3673686981201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.2817324101924896}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15164113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/16/4113/pdf?version=1692706459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c9d7546bd0cf4059b4c358a37b5fbbad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c9d7546bd0cf4059b4c358a37b5fbbad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 16, p 4113 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/16/4113/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15164113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 16; Pages: 4113","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15164113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/16/4113/pdf?version=1692706459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G352791218","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(BMBF)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3956190677","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"03F0910L","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386052079.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386052079.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1197514924","https://openalex.org/W1996111290","https://openalex.org/W2017522488","https://openalex.org/W2032146183","https://openalex.org/W2033872649","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2061191537","https://openalex.org/W2063907334","https://openalex.org/W2077267127","https://openalex.org/W2079831709","https://openalex.org/W2083633948","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2108995755","https://openalex.org/W2109553965","https://openalex.org/W2117897510","https://openalex.org/W2138948504","https://openalex.org/W2143426320","https://openalex.org/W2154145055","https://openalex.org/W2159391354","https://openalex.org/W2513954484","https://openalex.org/W2542598398","https://openalex.org/W2782100517","https://openalex.org/W2785752482","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2792870786","https://openalex.org/W2795834081","https://openalex.org/W2803322066","https://openalex.org/W2809254203","https://openalex.org/W2883309271","https://openalex.org/W2898280479","https://openalex.org/W2899854863","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2948344543","https://openalex.org/W2952516441","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2960983756","https://openalex.org/W2962734576","https://openalex.org/W2963338446","https://openalex.org/W2975256032","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3004568768","https://openalex.org/W3006194455","https://openalex.org/W3006329892","https://openalex.org/W3025732568","https://openalex.org/W3082567221","https://openalex.org/W3096325924","https://openalex.org/W3097269591","https://openalex.org/W3113097980","https://openalex.org/W3130684229","https://openalex.org/W3133256990","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3159050519","https://openalex.org/W3162641888","https://openalex.org/W4213154024","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W4284964772","https://openalex.org/W4297729205","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6737689805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100968651","https://openalex.org/W4243803532","https://openalex.org/W2352648934","https://openalex.org/W4230688072","https://openalex.org/W1915693853","https://openalex.org/W2378212145","https://openalex.org/W2798892016","https://openalex.org/W2100492357","https://openalex.org/W2202992072","https://openalex.org/W2181453615"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"automatic":[1,73],"calculation":[2],"of":[3,10,37,42,56,75,116,151,167,175,220,237],"sediment":[4,16,197],"maps":[5,198],"from":[6,119],"hydroacoustic":[7],"data":[8,78,118,216],"is":[9,161],"great":[11],"importance":[12],"for":[13,68,71,143],"habitat":[14],"and":[15,39,85,93,101,138,153,171,189,224],"mapping":[17],"as":[18,20,147,149],"well":[19,148],"monitoring":[21],"tasks.":[22],"For":[23],"this":[24,62],"reason,":[25],"numerous":[26],"papers":[27],"have":[28,106],"been":[29,107],"published":[30],"that":[31,52,79,163],"are":[32],"based":[33],"on":[34,208],"a":[35],"variety":[36],"algorithms":[38],"different":[40,57,144,176],"kinds":[41],"input":[43],"data.":[44],"However,":[45],"the":[46,54,72,114,125,130,157,172,181,186,234],"current":[47],"literature":[48],"lacks":[49],"comparative":[50],"studies":[51],"investigate":[53],"performance":[55,112],"approaches":[58,70],"in":[59,124,129,156,229,241],"depth.":[60],"Therefore,":[61],"study":[63,121],"aims":[64],"to":[65,109,180],"provide":[66],"recommendations":[67],"suitable":[69],"classification":[74,115,183],"side-scan":[76,214],"sonar":[77,215],"can":[80],"be":[81],"applied":[82],"by":[83],"agencies":[84],"researchers.":[86],"With":[87],"random":[88,200],"forests,":[89,201],"support":[90,190,242],"vector":[91,191,243],"machines,":[92],"convolutional":[94],"neural":[95,187,230],"networks,":[96],"both":[97],"traditional":[98],"machine-learning":[99,158],"methods":[100],"novel":[102],"deep":[103],"learning":[104],"techniques":[105],"implemented":[108],"evaluate":[110],"their":[111],"regarding":[113],"backscatter":[117],"two":[120],"sites":[122],"located":[123],"Sylt":[126],"Outer":[127],"Reef":[128],"German":[131],"Bight.":[132],"Simple":[133],"statistical":[134],"values,":[135],"textural":[136],"features,":[137],"Weyl":[139],"coefficients":[140],"were":[141],"calculated":[142],"patch":[145],"sizes":[146],"levels":[150],"quantization":[152,226],"then":[154],"utilized":[155],"algorithms.":[159],"It":[160],"found":[162],"large":[164],"image":[165,218],"patches":[166,219],"32":[168,221],"px":[169,222],"size":[170,223],"combined":[173,235],"use":[174,236],"feature":[177,239],"groups":[178,240],"lead":[179],"best":[182],"performances.":[184],"Further,":[185],"network":[188],"machines":[192],"generated":[193],"visually":[194],"more":[195],"appealing":[196],"than":[199],"despite":[202],"scoring":[203],"lower":[204],"overall":[205],"accuracy.":[206],"Based":[207],"these":[209],"findings,":[210],"we":[211],"recommend":[212],"classifying":[213],"with":[217,233],"6-bit":[225],"either":[227],"directly":[228],"networks":[231],"or":[232],"multiple":[238],"machines.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}