{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385348204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153740","title":"MFSFNet: Multi-Scale Feature Subtraction Fusion Network for Remote Sensing Image Change Detection","display_name":"MFSFNet: Multi-Scale Feature Subtraction Fusion Network for Remote Sensing Image Change Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385348204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15153740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153740","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/15/3740/pdf?version=1690535863","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/15/3740/pdf?version=1690535863","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090589471","display_name":"Zhiqi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1506-1063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China","Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100926339","display_name":"Hongjian You","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongjian You","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100926339"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.2606,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82375648,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"15","first_page":"3740","last_page":"3740"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7909032106399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6666597723960876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.595771849155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.577486515045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subtraction","display_name":"Subtraction","score":0.5610823631286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.496142715215683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4866360127925873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dice","display_name":"Dice","score":0.4838101267814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4242284297943115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.4130347967147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3935118019580841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3628772795200348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.327098548412323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.069245845079422}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7909032106399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6666597723960876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.595771849155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.577486515045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68060419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40754","display_name":"Subtraction","level":2,"score":0.5610823631286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.496142715215683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4866360127925873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22029948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45089","display_name":"Dice","level":2,"score":0.4838101267814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4242284297943115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.4130347967147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3935118019580841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3628772795200348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.327098548412323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.069245845079422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15153740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153740","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/15/3740/pdf?version=1690535863","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f4feecf156b94feeafb822bd50a56d93","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f4feecf156b94feeafb822bd50a56d93","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 15, p 3740 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/15/3740/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15153740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 15; Pages: 3740","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15153740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153740","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/15/3740/pdf?version=1690535863","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385348204.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1952547733","https://openalex.org/W1964669384","https://openalex.org/W2002693569","https://openalex.org/W2012089683","https://openalex.org/W2023847826","https://openalex.org/W2035285838","https://openalex.org/W2035305643","https://openalex.org/W2036798369","https://openalex.org/W2129931535","https://openalex.org/W2144552105","https://openalex.org/W2147421704","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2480078828","https://openalex.org/W2516616494","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2751993439","https://openalex.org/W2760340275","https://openalex.org/W2805152403","https://openalex.org/W2891248708","https://openalex.org/W2896092083","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W2942855565","https://openalex.org/W2951991161","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2969388626","https://openalex.org/W2984954051","https://openalex.org/W2988020997","https://openalex.org/W2997885125","https://openalex.org/W3004839151","https://openalex.org/W3009942016","https://openalex.org/W3027225766","https://openalex.org/W3036453075","https://openalex.org/W3099503507","https://openalex.org/W3113081737","https://openalex.org/W3118695918","https://openalex.org/W3130754787","https://openalex.org/W3141138843","https://openalex.org/W3157062364","https://openalex.org/W3165277223","https://openalex.org/W3176330035","https://openalex.org/W3186032668","https://openalex.org/W3189451737","https://openalex.org/W3194967302","https://openalex.org/W3198394695","https://openalex.org/W3207122433","https://openalex.org/W3210281071","https://openalex.org/W4226066651","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W4251819412","https://openalex.org/W4282036847","https://openalex.org/W4289085709","https://openalex.org/W4292258945","https://openalex.org/W4301802631","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4312549298","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4316035304","https://openalex.org/W4323022570","https://openalex.org/W4383372117","https://openalex.org/W4386076493","https://openalex.org/W6681943495","https://openalex.org/W6751559341","https://openalex.org/W6790731625","https://openalex.org/W6794209188","https://openalex.org/W6797500923","https://openalex.org/W6798945365","https://openalex.org/W6799693294","https://openalex.org/W6800303346","https://openalex.org/W6804157828","https://openalex.org/W6841348963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3104750253","https://openalex.org/W3021239166","https://openalex.org/W4366341510","https://openalex.org/W2390936256","https://openalex.org/W2483429559","https://openalex.org/W2016385589","https://openalex.org/W2009559548","https://openalex.org/W2906397153","https://openalex.org/W2385445039","https://openalex.org/W3093723769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Change":[0],"detection":[1],"plays":[2],"a":[3,58,75,146],"crucial":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,23,31,65,120],"remote":[7,18],"sensing":[8,19],"by":[9],"identifying":[10],"surface":[11],"modifications":[12],"between":[13,181],"two":[14,84],"sets":[15],"of":[16,53,61,117,128,136,160,189],"temporal":[17],"images.":[20],"Recent":[21],"advancements":[22],"deep":[24],"learning":[25],"techniques":[26],"have":[27],"yielded":[28],"significant":[29],"achievements":[30],"this":[32,72,150],"field.":[33],"However,":[34],"there":[35],"are":[36],"still":[37],"some":[38],"challenges:":[39],"(1)":[40],"Existing":[41],"change":[42,103,118],"feature":[43],"fusion":[44],"methods":[45],"often":[46],"introduce":[47],"redundant":[48,107],"information.":[49],"(2)":[50],"The":[51],"complexity":[52,183],"network":[54],"structures":[55],"leads":[56],"to":[57,132,148],"large":[59],"number":[60],"parameters":[62],"and":[63,94,105,162,166,184],"difficulties":[64],"model":[66,182],"training.":[67],"To":[68],"overcome":[69],"these":[70],"challenges,":[71],"paper":[73],"proposes":[74],"Multi-Scale":[76],"Feature":[77,89,96],"Subtraction":[78,90],"Fusion":[79,91],"Network":[80],"(MFSF-Net).":[81],"It":[82],"comprises":[83],"primary":[85],"modules:":[86],"the":[87,95,121,124,129,134,139,187,190],"Multi-scale":[88],"(MFSF)":[92],"module":[93],"Deep":[97],"Supervision":[98],"(FDS)":[99],"module.":[100],"MFSF":[101],"enhances":[102],"features":[104,119],"reduces":[106],"pseudo-change":[108],"features.":[109],"FDS":[110],"provides":[111],"additional":[112],"supervision":[113],"on":[114,164],"different":[115],"scales":[116],"decoder,":[122],"improving":[123],"training":[125],"efficiency":[126],"performance":[127],"network.":[130],"Additionally,":[131],"address":[133],"problem":[135],"imbalanced":[137],"samples,":[138],"Dice":[140],"loss":[141],"strategy":[142],"is":[143],"introduced":[144],"as":[145],"means":[147],"mitigate":[149],"issue.":[151],"Through":[152],"comprehensive":[153],"experiments,":[154],"MFSF-Net":[155],"achieves":[156],"an":[157,178],"F1":[158],"score":[159],"91.15%":[161],"95.64%":[163],"LEVIR-CD":[165],"CDD":[167],"benchmark":[168],"datasets,":[169],"respectively,":[170],"outperforming":[171],"six":[172],"state-of-the-art":[173],"algorithms.":[174],"Moreover,":[175],"it":[176],"attains":[177],"improved":[179],"balance":[180],"performance,":[185],"showcasing":[186],"efficacy":[188],"proposed":[191],"approach.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}