{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385066037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143617","title":"A Spatial and Temporal Evolution Analysis of Desert Land Changes in Inner Mongolia by Combining a Structural Equation Model and Deep Learning","display_name":"A Spatial and Temporal Evolution Analysis of Desert Land Changes in Inner Mongolia by Combining a Structural Equation Model and Deep Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385066037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143617"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15143617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143617","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/14/3617/pdf?version=1689850754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/14/3617/pdf?version=1689850754","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030017068","display_name":"Xinyue Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-3726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyue Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mapping and Geoscience, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mapping and Geoscience, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389658","display_name":"Bing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-9844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Institute of Geospatial Information Service, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","School of Mapping and Geoscience, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Institute of Geospatial Information Service, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mapping and Geoscience, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755735","display_name":"Hongbo Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-4434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mapping and Geoscience, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mapping and Geoscience, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070638916","display_name":"Song Wei-dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4631-4964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weidong Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Institute of Geospatial Information Service, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","School of Mapping and Geoscience, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Institute of Geospatial Information Service, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mapping and Geoscience, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042686289","display_name":"Dongfeng Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongfeng Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mapping and Geoscience, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mapping and Geoscience, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075721700","display_name":"Jiguang Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1539-0673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiguang Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Institute of Geospatial Information Service, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","School of Mapping and Geoscience, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Institute of Geospatial Information Service, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mapping and Geoscience, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100389658"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.7656,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73518824,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"14","first_page":"3617","last_page":"3617"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6902214884757996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arid","display_name":"Arid","score":0.5742408633232117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desert","display_name":"Desert (philosophy)","score":0.492919921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.4541867971420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4291999340057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3536524772644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.33156538009643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.1484086513519287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6902214884757996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.5742408633232117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776130869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361649","display_name":"Desert (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.492919921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.4541867971420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4291999340057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3536524772644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.33156538009643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1484086513519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15143617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143617","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/14/3617/pdf?version=1689850754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3dc0059274fd4ee7a762bb7a22368d39","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3dc0059274fd4ee7a762bb7a22368d39","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 14, p 3617 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/14/3617/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15143617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 14; Pages: 3617","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15143617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143617","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/14/3617/pdf?version=1689850754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3373275838","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42071428","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3596322906","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42071343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4184158185","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42204031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385066037.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W788877107","https://openalex.org/W1050496524","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1971286056","https://openalex.org/W1976737214","https://openalex.org/W1978248496","https://openalex.org/W1987206685","https://openalex.org/W1997231471","https://openalex.org/W2018781085","https://openalex.org/W2021218961","https://openalex.org/W2044389032","https://openalex.org/W2050920236","https://openalex.org/W2073487498","https://openalex.org/W2090165793","https://openalex.org/W2132844602","https://openalex.org/W2137246340","https://openalex.org/W2172102978","https://openalex.org/W2177281010","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2412247133","https://openalex.org/W2469209284","https://openalex.org/W2592939477","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2802872875","https://openalex.org/W2898910301","https://openalex.org/W2904435173","https://openalex.org/W2942856129","https://openalex.org/W2994645803","https://openalex.org/W3004994287","https://openalex.org/W3031948869","https://openalex.org/W3083569822","https://openalex.org/W3106967300","https://openalex.org/W3128613591","https://openalex.org/W3159647292","https://openalex.org/W3176682099","https://openalex.org/W3206354141","https://openalex.org/W4244566850","https://openalex.org/W4281642096","https://openalex.org/W4283450732","https://openalex.org/W4283831330","https://openalex.org/W4285036849","https://openalex.org/W4286436678","https://openalex.org/W4290991169","https://openalex.org/W4294156889","https://openalex.org/W4295808884","https://openalex.org/W4297978100","https://openalex.org/W4312335366","https://openalex.org/W4317240941","https://openalex.org/W4327719885","https://openalex.org/W4383911837","https://openalex.org/W6640054144","https://openalex.org/W6673168234","https://openalex.org/W6685381854","https://openalex.org/W6849375644"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4214886764","https://openalex.org/W4252462538","https://openalex.org/W4300550218","https://openalex.org/W3013145453","https://openalex.org/W4312685508","https://openalex.org/W4255922390","https://openalex.org/W4233298266","https://openalex.org/W117681223"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,20,30,33,43,85,91,98,109,122,132,138,142,154,198,201,220,224,230,246,252,273,302],"wide":[2],"application":[3],"of":[4,22,32,46,90,137,159,177,200,216,226,248,286,296,305],"remote":[5,23,56,118],"sensing":[6,57,119],"technology,":[7],"target":[8],"detection":[9],"based":[10,79],"on":[11,80,219],"deep":[12],"learning":[13],"has":[14],"become":[15],"a":[16,54,73,147],"research":[17],"hotspot":[18],"in":[19,128,141,205,229,251,289],"field":[21],"sensing.":[24],"In":[25],"this":[26,94,206],"paper,":[27],"aimed":[28],"at":[29],"problems":[31],"existing":[34],"deep-learning-based":[35],"desert":[36,59,74,86,114,139,227,249,297,306],"land":[37,60,75,87,115,140,192,228,250,298,307],"intelligent":[38,61,76],"extraction":[39,62,103],"methods,":[40],"such":[41],"as":[42],"spectral":[44],"similarity":[45],"features":[47,89],"and":[48,107,134,156,162,190,257,268,279,292,300],"unclear":[49],"texture":[50],"features,":[51],"we":[52,71,96,145],"propose":[53],"multispectral":[55],"image":[58],"method":[63],"that":[64,197,215,245],"takes":[65],"into":[66],"account":[67],"band":[68,81],"information.":[69],"Firstly,":[70],"built":[72],"interpretation":[77],"dataset":[78],"weighting":[82],"to":[83,105,112,130,152,238],"enhance":[84],"foreground":[88],"images.":[92],"On":[93],"basis,":[95],"introduced":[97],"deformable":[99],"convolution":[100],"adaptive":[101],"feature":[102],"capability":[104],"U-Net":[106],"developed":[108],"Y-Net":[110,202],"model":[111,150,203],"extract":[113],"from":[116,236],"Landsat":[117,221],"images":[120],"covering":[121],"Inner":[123],"Mongolia":[124],"Autonomous":[125],"Region.":[126],"Finally,":[127],"order":[129],"analyze":[131],"spatial":[133],"temporal":[135],"trends":[136],"study":[143,231,253,283],"area,":[144],"used":[146],"structural":[148],"equation":[149],"(SEM)":[151],"evaluate":[153],"direct":[155],"indirect":[157],"effects":[158],"natural":[160],"conditions":[161,180],"human":[163],"activities,":[164],"i.e.,":[165],"population":[166],"density":[167],"(PD),":[168],"livestock":[169],"volume":[170],"(LS),":[171],"evaporation":[172],"(Evp),":[173],"temperature":[174],"(T),":[175],"days":[176],"sandy":[178],"wind":[179],"(LD),":[181],"humidity":[182],"(RH),":[183],"precipitation":[184],"(P),":[185],"anthropogenic":[186,269],"disturbance":[187],"index":[188],"(Adi),":[189],"cultivated":[191],"(CL).":[193],"The":[194,242,260],"results":[195,243],"show":[196,244],"F1-score":[199],"proposed":[204],"paper":[207],"is":[208,211],"95.6%,":[209],"which":[210,272],"11.5%":[212],"more":[213],"than":[214],"U-Net.":[217],"Based":[218],"satellite":[222],"images,":[223],"area":[225,232,247,254,308],"for":[233,271],"six":[234],"periods":[235],"1990":[237],"2020":[239],"was":[240],"extracted.":[241],"first":[255],"increased":[256],"then":[258],"decreased.":[259],"main":[261],"influencing":[262],"factors":[263],"have":[264],"been":[265],"precipitation,":[266],"humidity,":[267],"disturbance,":[270],"path":[274],"coefficients":[275],"are":[276],"0.646,":[277],"0.615,":[278],"0.367,":[280],"respectively.":[281],"This":[282],"will":[284],"be":[285],"great":[287],"significance":[288],"obtaining":[290],"large-scale":[291],"long-term":[293],"time":[294],"series":[295],"cover":[299],"revealing":[301],"inner":[303],"mechanism":[304],"change.":[309]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2023-07-23T00:00:00"}
