{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382981445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133374","title":"An Effective Imputation Method Using Data Enrichment for Missing Data of Loop Detectors in Intelligent Traffic Control Systems","display_name":"An Effective Imputation Method Using Data Enrichment for Missing Data of Loop Detectors in Intelligent Traffic Control Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382981445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15133374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133374","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/13/3374/pdf?version=1688200379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/13/3374/pdf?version=1688200379","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092386380","display_name":"Payam Gouran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6556-8284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9256017","display_name":"Islamic Azad University of Najafabad","ror":"https://ror.org/015j7c446","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I9256017"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Payam Gouran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Big Data Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran","Faculty of Computer Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran","Big Data Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran; Faculty of Computer Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Big Data Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9256017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9256017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Big Data Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran; Faculty of Computer Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9256017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027415596","display_name":"Mohammad H. Nadimi-Shahraki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0135-1115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9256017","display_name":"Islamic Azad University of Najafabad","ror":"https://ror.org/015j7c446","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I9256017"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad H. Nadimi-Shahraki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Big Data Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran","Faculty of Computer Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran","Big Data Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran; Faculty of Computer Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Big Data Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9256017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9256017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Big Data Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran; Faculty of Computer Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad 8514143131, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9256017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021772077","display_name":"Amir Masoud Rahmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8641-6119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110525433","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Tehran","ror":"https://ror.org/01kzn7k21","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75357094","display_name":"National Yunlin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qkq2m54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]}],"countries":["IR","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Masoud Rahmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Engineering, Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893780, Iran","Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan","Faculty of Computer Engineering, Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893780, Iran; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Engineering, Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893780, Iran","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Engineering, Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893780, Iran; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75357094","https://openalex.org/I110525433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091500375","display_name":"Seyedali Mirjalili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1443-9458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142395","display_name":"Torrens University Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/0351xae06","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyedali Mirjalili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation, Torrens University Australia, Brisbane 4006, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation, Torrens University Australia, Brisbane 4006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027415596"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9256017"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.2593,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77150153,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"13","first_page":"3374","last_page":"3374"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imputation","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","score":0.8698936700820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"Missing data","score":0.7397974729537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6780064105987549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5461905002593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5188628435134888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subclass","display_name":"Subclass","score":0.48398303985595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4181613028049469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3662700057029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3661394715309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.21387717127799988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58041806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660484","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","level":3,"score":0.8698936700820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.7397974729537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6780064105987549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5461905002593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5188628435134888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776194381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3965271","display_name":"Subclass","level":3,"score":0.48398303985595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4181613028049469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3662700057029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3661394715309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.21387717127799988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15133374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133374","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/13/3374/pdf?version=1688200379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:453689ac07a0474b955ed698af57ded2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/453689ac07a0474b955ed698af57ded2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 13, p 3374 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/30144142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/13/3374/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15133374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 13; Pages: 3374","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15133374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133374","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/13/3374/pdf?version=1688200379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382981445.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W73439146","https://openalex.org/W593167010","https://openalex.org/W611071888","https://openalex.org/W791265519","https://openalex.org/W1529430712","https://openalex.org/W1532319109","https://openalex.org/W1798398164","https://openalex.org/W1923362528","https://openalex.org/W1960937737","https://openalex.org/W1967444754","https://openalex.org/W1971757341","https://openalex.org/W1979646154","https://openalex.org/W1988420953","https://openalex.org/W2001963273","https://openalex.org/W2004891103","https://openalex.org/W2005248249","https://openalex.org/W2016903344","https://openalex.org/W2020641160","https://openalex.org/W2031766660","https://openalex.org/W2049500727","https://openalex.org/W2051299429","https://openalex.org/W2064186732","https://openalex.org/W2072740084","https://openalex.org/W2082533141","https://openalex.org/W2083238230","https://openalex.org/W2095445014","https://openalex.org/W2096532744","https://openalex.org/W2111991989","https://openalex.org/W2116027862","https://openalex.org/W2120718561","https://openalex.org/W2137393925","https://openalex.org/W2153919224","https://openalex.org/W2160507653","https://openalex.org/W2163150789","https://openalex.org/W2165992156","https://openalex.org/W2334686861","https://openalex.org/W2433576593","https://openalex.org/W2519792723","https://openalex.org/W2579792847","https://openalex.org/W2726858467","https://openalex.org/W2760629754","https://openalex.org/W2761646508","https://openalex.org/W2786868449","https://openalex.org/W2789819752","https://openalex.org/W2803403013","https://openalex.org/W2912275277","https://openalex.org/W3039657025","https://openalex.org/W3091320486","https://openalex.org/W3094025667","https://openalex.org/W3094061662","https://openalex.org/W3157605589","https://openalex.org/W4200621729","https://openalex.org/W4220704921","https://openalex.org/W4230635035","https://openalex.org/W4237803177","https://openalex.org/W4244133811","https://openalex.org/W4286610775","https://openalex.org/W4289941892","https://openalex.org/W4319595422","https://openalex.org/W6615937441","https://openalex.org/W6631750132","https://openalex.org/W6718207454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2541565311","https://openalex.org/W3049453136","https://openalex.org/W2784019465","https://openalex.org/W2751555317","https://openalex.org/W569810835","https://openalex.org/W2900766238","https://openalex.org/W1973721774","https://openalex.org/W1513289763","https://openalex.org/W2112497756","https://openalex.org/W2316243772"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,260],"intelligent":[1],"traffic":[2,127],"control":[3,128],"systems,":[4],"the":[5,20,32,40,46,62,86,99,104,110,116,126,136,156,161,167,193,197,200,214,235,241,250,267],"features":[6],"extracted":[7,27],"by":[8,73,89,120,220,245,248],"loop":[9,56,246],"detectors":[10,57],"are":[11,170,188,206],"insufficient":[12],"to":[13,31,49],"accurately":[14],"impute":[15],"missing":[16,69,204],"data.":[17],"Most":[18],"of":[19,34,101,125,135,158,176,195],"existing":[21],"imputation":[22,53,63,183,252,268],"methods":[23,253],"use":[24],"only":[25],"these":[26],"features,":[28],"which":[29,61,249],"leads":[30],"construction":[33],"data":[35,76,88,106,112,119,169,243,258],"models":[36],"that":[37,234],"cannot":[38],"fulfill":[39],"required":[41],"accuracy.":[42,270],"This":[43],"deficiency":[44],"is":[45,65,107,178,218],"main":[47],"motivation":[48],"propose":[50],"an":[51],"enrichment":[52,77,211],"method":[54,238],"for":[55,67,140],"namely":[58],"EIM-LD,":[59],"in":[60,103,130,160],"accuracy":[64,217],"increased":[66],"different":[68,122],"patterns":[70],"and":[71,146,185,225,230],"ratios":[72],"introducing":[74],"a":[75,91,255],"technique":[78],"using":[79,109,181,196,262],"statistical":[80,92,137,231],"multi-class":[81,93,138],"labeling.":[82],"It":[83],"first":[84,207],"enriches":[85],"clean":[87,118],"adding":[90],"label,":[94],"including":[95,203],"C1\u2026Cn":[96],"classes.":[97],"Then,":[98,213],"class":[100,223],"samples":[102,159],"missed-volume":[105],"labeled":[108,117],"best":[111],"model":[113],"constructed":[114],"from":[115],"five":[121],"classifiers.":[123],"Experts":[124],"department":[129],"Isfahan":[131],"city":[132],"determined":[133],"classes":[134],"label":[139],"n":[141,173],"=":[142,153],"5":[143],"(class":[144],"labels),":[145],"we":[147],"also":[148],"developed":[149],"subclass":[150,162,226,263],"labels":[151,163,224,264],"(n":[152],"20)":[154],"since":[155],"number":[157],"was":[164],"sufficient.":[165],"Next,":[166],"enriched":[168],"divided":[171],"into":[172],"datasets,":[174],"each":[175],"them":[177],"imputed":[179,208],"independently":[180],"various":[182],"methods,":[184],"their":[186],"results":[187,232],"finally":[189],"merged.":[190],"To":[191],"evaluate":[192],"impact":[194],"proposed":[198,215,236],"method,":[199],"original":[201],"data,":[202],"volumes,":[205],"without":[209],"our":[210],"method.":[212],"method\u2019s":[216,269],"evaluated":[219],"considering":[221],"two":[222],"labels.":[227],"The":[228],"experimental":[229],"prove":[233],"EIM-LD":[237],"can":[239],"enrich":[240],"real":[242],"collected":[244],"detectors,":[247],"comparative":[251],"construct":[254],"more":[256],"accurate":[257],"model.":[259],"addition,":[261],"further":[265],"enhances":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}