{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381336756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123186","title":"Accuracy Assessment of Eleven Medium Resolution Global and Regional Land Cover Land Use Products: A Case Study over the Conterminous United States","display_name":"Accuracy Assessment of Eleven Medium Resolution Global and Regional Land Cover Land Use Products: A Case Study over the Conterminous United States","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381336756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15123186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3186/pdf?version=1687415781","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3186/pdf?version=1687415781","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102918279","display_name":"Zhixin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2350-735X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112962","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/022jz8688","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112962"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327163397","display_name":"State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01q1z8k08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157349981","display_name":"SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry","ror":"https://ror.org/00qv0tw17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157349981"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157349981","https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I4210112962"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073617419","display_name":"Giorgos Mountrakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5958-8134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157349981","display_name":"SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry","ror":"https://ror.org/00qv0tw17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157349981"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327163397","display_name":"State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01q1z8k08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112962","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/022jz8688","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112962"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giorgos Mountrakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157349981","https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I4210112962"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073617419"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I157349981","https://openalex.org/I4210112962"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":9.1938,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98442063,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"12","first_page":"3186","last_page":"3186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.767432451248169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impervious-surface","display_name":"Impervious surface","score":0.6747754216194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5941792130470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.4593278765678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geological-survey","display_name":"Geological survey","score":0.45627206563949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.4341091513633728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.3670259118080139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.357293963432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3557388484477997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.31519991159439087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1509295105934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12749958038330078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.08659133315086365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.767432451248169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2668921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434713","display_name":"Impervious surface","level":2,"score":0.6747754216194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5941792130470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4593278765678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781113848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915366","display_name":"Geological survey","level":2,"score":0.45627206563949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.4341091513633728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.3670259118080139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.357293963432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3557388484477997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.31519991159439087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1509295105934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12749958038330078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.08659133315086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15123186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3186/pdf?version=1687415781","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3b5c9700a2fe43b1a01e409a69de2048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3b5c9700a2fe43b1a01e409a69de2048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 12, p 3186 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/12/3186/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15123186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 12; Pages: 3186","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15123186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3186/pdf?version=1687415781","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381336756.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104784622","https://openalex.org/W1254560965","https://openalex.org/W1503042477","https://openalex.org/W1536340909","https://openalex.org/W1540206327","https://openalex.org/W1588320409","https://openalex.org/W1967901188","https://openalex.org/W1972690365","https://openalex.org/W1976193075","https://openalex.org/W1980191009","https://openalex.org/W1981213426","https://openalex.org/W1981377684","https://openalex.org/W1983018638","https://openalex.org/W2001510610","https://openalex.org/W2005840830","https://openalex.org/W2006929658","https://openalex.org/W2008085934","https://openalex.org/W2012950829","https://openalex.org/W2021291741","https://openalex.org/W2042692910","https://openalex.org/W2043540570","https://openalex.org/W2044670615","https://openalex.org/W2049212347","https://openalex.org/W2055718260","https://openalex.org/W2059411166","https://openalex.org/W2075368648","https://openalex.org/W2075620729","https://openalex.org/W2077570405","https://openalex.org/W2083360347","https://openalex.org/W2100469123","https://openalex.org/W2118364838","https://openalex.org/W2121025662","https://openalex.org/W2127559745","https://openalex.org/W2138408852","https://openalex.org/W2150021548","https://openalex.org/W2159773298","https://openalex.org/W2161638318","https://openalex.org/W2186595681","https://openalex.org/W2199321793","https://openalex.org/W2469467961","https://openalex.org/W2560167313","https://openalex.org/W2584743460","https://openalex.org/W2584952387","https://openalex.org/W2737468510","https://openalex.org/W2758210752","https://openalex.org/W2885601213","https://openalex.org/W2896252587","https://openalex.org/W2898962279","https://openalex.org/W2918120629","https://openalex.org/W2934533499","https://openalex.org/W2950541263","https://openalex.org/W2951471051","https://openalex.org/W2967165937","https://openalex.org/W2978611233","https://openalex.org/W2990323597","https://openalex.org/W3017247426","https://openalex.org/W3046220160","https://openalex.org/W3094306770","https://openalex.org/W3131122836","https://openalex.org/W3145752794","https://openalex.org/W3194927568","https://openalex.org/W3207200417","https://openalex.org/W4205485607","https://openalex.org/W4224241067","https://openalex.org/W4281619551","https://openalex.org/W4284704084","https://openalex.org/W4292977286","https://openalex.org/W6604288571","https://openalex.org/W6604372655","https://openalex.org/W6628065871","https://openalex.org/W6630067540","https://openalex.org/W6635077758","https://openalex.org/W6669125921","https://openalex.org/W6683572285","https://openalex.org/W6686781514","https://openalex.org/W6687780495","https://openalex.org/W6720560876","https://openalex.org/W6803524230"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2738109983","https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W3192667092","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607","https://openalex.org/W91997999"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0,43,49],"cover":[1,107],"land":[2],"use":[3],"(LCLU)":[4],"products":[5,25,86,275],"provide":[6],"essential":[7],"information":[8],"for":[9,91,237,267,292],"numerous":[10],"environmental":[11],"and":[12,23,47,53,68,84,105,110,123,141,172,180,189,243,252,283],"human":[13],"studies.":[14],"Here,":[15],"we":[16],"assess":[17],"the":[18,27,41,48,80,92,100,117,132,137,142,152,170,178,196,207,231,238,250,268,272],"accuracy":[19,67,70,77,162,280],"of":[20,63,183,206,221],"eleven":[21],"global":[22],"regional":[24],"over":[26],"conterminous":[28,184],"U.S.":[29,185,198],"using":[30],"25,000":[31],"high-confidence":[32],"randomly":[33],"distributed":[34],"samples.":[35],"Results":[36],"show":[37],"that":[38,214,265,287],"in":[39,61,99,116,177,195,279],"general,":[40,169],"National":[42],"Cover":[44],"Database":[45],"(NLCD)":[46],"Change":[50],"Monitoring,":[51],"Assessment":[52],"Projection":[54],"(LCMAP)":[55],"outperform":[56],"other":[57],"multi-class":[58],"products,":[59,129],"both":[60],"terms":[62],"higher":[64,235],"individual":[65],"class":[66,223,270,277],"with":[69],"variability":[71],"across":[72,164],"classes.":[73],"More":[74],"specifically,":[75],"F1":[76],"comparisons":[78,163],"between":[79,281],"best":[81,273],"performing":[82,274],"USGS":[83,96],"non-USGS":[85,112],"indicate:":[87],"(i)":[88],"similar":[89],"performance":[90],"water":[93],"class,":[94],"(ii)":[95],"product":[97,113,233],"outperformance":[98],"developed":[101],"(+1.3%),":[102],"grass/shrub":[103,241],"(+3.2%)":[104],"tree":[106,269],"(+4.2%)":[108],"classes,":[109],"(iii)":[111],"(WorldCover)":[114],"gains":[115],"cropland":[118,244],"(+5.1%)":[119],"class.":[120],"The":[121],"NLCD":[122,171,251],"LCMAP":[124,173,253],"also":[125,160,201],"outperformed":[126],"specialized":[127],"single-class":[128],"such":[130],"as":[131],"Hansen":[133],"Global":[134,143,153],"Forest":[135],"Change,":[136],"Cropland":[138],"Data":[139],"Layer":[140],"Artificial":[144],"Impervious":[145],"Areas,":[146],"while":[147,186,258],"offering":[148],"comparable":[149],"results":[150],"to":[151,249],"Surface":[154],"Water":[155],"Dynamics":[156],"product.":[157],"Spatial":[158],"visualizations":[159],"allowed":[161],"different":[165,222],"geographic":[166],"areas.":[167,229],"In":[168],"have":[174,192],"disagreements":[175],"mainly":[176],"middle":[179],"southeastern":[181],"part":[182],"Esri,":[187],"WorldCover":[188,232],"Dynamic":[190],"World":[191],"most":[193],"errors":[194],"western":[197],"Comparisons":[199],"were":[200],"undertaken":[202],"on":[203],"a":[204],"subset":[205],"reference":[208],"data,":[209],"called":[210],"spatial":[211],"edge":[212],"samples,":[213],"identifies":[215],"samples":[216,220,263],"surrounded":[217],"by":[218],"neighboring":[219],"labels,":[224],"thus":[225],"excluding":[226],"easy-to-classify":[227],"homogenous":[228],"There,":[230],"offers":[234],"accuracies":[236],"highly":[239],"dynamic":[240],"(+4.4%)":[242],"(+8.1%)":[245],"classes":[246],"when":[247],"compared":[248],"products.":[254],"An":[255],"important":[256],"conclusion":[257],"looking":[259],"at":[260],"these":[261],"challenging":[262],"is":[264,289],"except":[266],"(78%),":[271],"per":[276],"range":[278],"55%":[282],"70%,":[284],"which":[285],"suggests":[286],"there":[288],"substantial":[290],"room":[291],"improvement.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2023-06-21T00:00:00"}
