{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380433834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123073","title":"Low-Cost BDS Reflectometry for Real-Time Water Surface Retrieval","display_name":"Low-Cost BDS Reflectometry for Real-Time Water Surface Retrieval","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380433834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123073"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15123073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3073/pdf?version=1686578245","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3073/pdf?version=1686578245","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071725352","display_name":"Ken Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2976-2573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055243240","display_name":"Peiyuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4215-6938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peiyuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100716826","display_name":"Lan Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7326-9666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100608766","display_name":"Zhongkai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8293-7400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongkai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059439824","display_name":"Zejun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5118-7205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zejun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055243240"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06646167,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"12","first_page":"3073","last_page":"3073"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7151072025299072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6954917907714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geosynchronous-orbit","display_name":"Geosynchronous orbit","score":0.6480721235275269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5672526955604553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectometry","display_name":"Reflectometry","score":0.5572731494903564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5293881297111511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellation","display_name":"Satellite constellation","score":0.5202540159225464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.5128710269927979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earth-observation","display_name":"Earth observation","score":0.4772208333015442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.43959322571754456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.43057170510292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.4301331043243408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.42882847785949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-resolution","display_name":"Temporal resolution","score":0.41658294200897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.23750391602516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12158110737800598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.103270024061203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.09264126420021057}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7151072025299072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6954917907714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94042562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472251","display_name":"Geosynchronous orbit","level":3,"score":0.6480721235275269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5672526955604553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.5572731494903564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5293881297111511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.5202540159225464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.5128710269927979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.4772208333015442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.43959322571754456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.43057170510292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.4301331043243408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.42882847785949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119666444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5977280","display_name":"Temporal resolution","level":2,"score":0.41658294200897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23750391602516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12158110737800598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.103270024061203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.09264126420021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15123073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3073/pdf?version=1686578245","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8df790b90e4d4d0587d715874ae3dfaf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8df790b90e4d4d0587d715874ae3dfaf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 12, p 3073 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/12/3073/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15123073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 12; Pages: 3073","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15123073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3073/pdf?version=1686578245","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1196670895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SKLGED2023-3-5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1278570581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023-3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2870525900","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Wuhan","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4068152586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42204041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335678","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380433834.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169998179","https://openalex.org/W321215185","https://openalex.org/W1529306835","https://openalex.org/W1660767182","https://openalex.org/W1815083983","https://openalex.org/W2007818237","https://openalex.org/W2012298856","https://openalex.org/W2020972932","https://openalex.org/W2025424371","https://openalex.org/W2029333096","https://openalex.org/W2030209988","https://openalex.org/W2039721961","https://openalex.org/W2055375015","https://openalex.org/W2068657587","https://openalex.org/W2095093213","https://openalex.org/W2101335079","https://openalex.org/W2106518823","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2111182284","https://openalex.org/W2111445493","https://openalex.org/W2115283904","https://openalex.org/W2128284341","https://openalex.org/W2128899743","https://openalex.org/W2141156448","https://openalex.org/W2159034018","https://openalex.org/W2243287971","https://openalex.org/W2291080140","https://openalex.org/W2564830252","https://openalex.org/W2727874228","https://openalex.org/W2883884925","https://openalex.org/W2898587500","https://openalex.org/W2981120102","https://openalex.org/W2983534366","https://openalex.org/W2997873483","https://openalex.org/W3014764067","https://openalex.org/W3050278542","https://openalex.org/W3088601698","https://openalex.org/W3156898982","https://openalex.org/W3196416394","https://openalex.org/W3215319823","https://openalex.org/W6892319222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2743664886","https://openalex.org/W2140036717","https://openalex.org/W2390201687","https://openalex.org/W2028431039","https://openalex.org/W2541023996","https://openalex.org/W3010649076","https://openalex.org/W1635321714","https://openalex.org/W1606621011","https://openalex.org/W1679591466","https://openalex.org/W81249273"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,169,192],"official":[1],"launch":[2],"of":[3,112,126,143,150,186,194],"the":[4,101,113,124,141,147,151,162,201],"Chinese":[5],"BeiDou":[6],"Navigation":[7],"Satellite":[8],"System":[9],"with":[10,70,108,182],"global":[11,30],"coverage":[12,32],"(BDS-3)":[13],"presents":[14],"significant":[15],"opportunities":[16],"for":[17,89,166,216],"various":[18,57],"applications,":[19],"including":[20],"precision":[21,142],"agriculture":[22],"and":[23,33,46,73,145],"autonomous":[24],"driving,":[25],"among":[26],"others.":[27],"With":[28],"its":[29],"spatial":[31,74],"hybrid":[34,153,203],"space":[35],"constellation":[36],"comprising":[37],"geosynchronous":[38,43],"Earth":[39,48],"orbit":[40,44,49],"(GEO),":[41],"inclined":[42],"(IGSO),":[45],"medium":[47],"(MEO)":[50],"satellites,":[51],"BDS":[52,90,128,152,202],"can":[53,175,196],"significantly":[54,198],"contribute":[55],"to":[56,93,123,139],"GNSS":[58,219],"remote":[59,220],"sensing":[60,221],"applications":[61],"that":[62,172,210],"require":[63],"real-time,":[64],"precise":[65],"water":[66,97,157,179],"surface":[67,98,158],"height":[68],"measurements":[69],"high":[71],"temporal":[72,184],"resolution,":[75],"such":[76],"as":[77],"in":[78,189],"tidal":[79],"monitoring.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82],"paper,":[83],"we":[84],"propose":[85],"a":[86,109,118,133,156,183],"carrier-phase-based":[87],"method":[88,104,121],"Reflectometry":[91],"(BDS-R)":[92],"precisely":[94],"retrieve":[95],"real-time":[96,163,177],"height.":[99],"Firstly,":[100],"BDS-R":[102,144,174,195,212],"altimetry":[103,135,159],"is":[105,130,137,208],"introduced,":[106],"along":[107],"detailed":[110],"explanation":[111],"data":[114],"processing":[115],"procedures.":[116],"Secondly,":[117],"quality":[119],"control":[120],"tailored":[122],"characteristics":[125],"low-cost":[127,167,173,211],"devices":[129],"developed.":[131],"Thirdly,":[132],"land":[134],"experiment":[136,160],"conducted":[138],"evaluate":[140],"analyze":[146],"specific":[148],"contribution":[149],"constellation.":[154],"Finally,":[155],"validates":[161],"monitoring":[164,181],"capabilities":[165],"BDS-R.":[168],"results":[170],"indicate":[171],"achieve":[176],"centimeter-level":[178],"level":[180],"resolution":[185],"1":[187],"s":[188],"lakefront":[190],"environments.":[191],"performance":[193],"be":[197],"improved":[199],"by":[200],"constellation,":[204],"particularly":[205],"IGSOs.":[206],"It":[207],"concluded":[209],"has":[213],"great":[214],"potential":[215],"promoting":[217],"ground-based":[218],"applications.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2023-06-14T00:00:00"}
