{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380084044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123027","title":"SAFF-SSD: Self-Attention Combined Feature Fusion-Based SSD for Small Object Detection in Remote Sensing","display_name":"SAFF-SSD: Self-Attention Combined Feature Fusion-Based SSD for Small Object Detection in Remote Sensing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380084044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15123027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3027/pdf?version=1686313455","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3027/pdf?version=1686313455","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102521755","display_name":"Bihan Huo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bihan Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100398932","display_name":"Chenglong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-2739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenglong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326967","display_name":"Jianwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5491-1745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100640097","display_name":"Yingjian Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1867-8517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjian Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112933557","display_name":"Zhoujin Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhoujin Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100326967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.2876,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97609572,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"12","first_page":"3027","last_page":"3027"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8089439868927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6543183326721191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6442045569419861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.5907026529312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5673685669898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4849283993244171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.48095789551734924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.46653085947036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.46513786911964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4305155873298645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8089439868927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6543183326721191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6442045569419861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5907026529312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5673685669898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4849283993244171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.48095789551734924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46653085947036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.46513786911964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4305155873298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15123027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3027/pdf?version=1686313455","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:05ad8a855b574e1085f92373bd1dd614","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/05ad8a855b574e1085f92373bd1dd614","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 12, p 3027 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/12/3027/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15123027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 12; Pages: 3027","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15123027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/3027/pdf?version=1686313455","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6635523333","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6207613","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8902066565","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076137","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380084044.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2802292981","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2934198733","https://openalex.org/W2935079508","https://openalex.org/W2955058313","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2962851485","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963058975","https://openalex.org/W2963091558","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2964080601","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2964444661","https://openalex.org/W2980191995","https://openalex.org/W2981413347","https://openalex.org/W2982220924","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2986357608","https://openalex.org/W2988452521","https://openalex.org/W2990763144","https://openalex.org/W2998831603","https://openalex.org/W3013211776","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3035396860","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3092462694","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3097055324","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3107634219","https://openalex.org/W3122893743","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3160733999","https://openalex.org/W3172752666","https://openalex.org/W3175630421","https://openalex.org/W4226528771","https://openalex.org/W4283717190","https://openalex.org/W6743731764","https://openalex.org/W6751638417","https://openalex.org/W6793164127"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3177249605","https://openalex.org/W4376620596","https://openalex.org/W2534152068","https://openalex.org/W4299545679","https://openalex.org/W1972515067","https://openalex.org/W1689909837","https://openalex.org/W4293054914","https://openalex.org/W2549121492","https://openalex.org/W3138508047","https://openalex.org/W2953362004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SSD":[0,82],"is":[1,58,110,113,126],"a":[2,74,99,154],"classical":[3],"single-stage":[4],"object":[5,76,85,94,139,150],"detection":[6,53,86,130,151,162],"algorithm,":[7],"which":[8,182],"predicts":[9],"by":[10],"generating":[11],"different":[12,18],"scales":[13],"of":[14,26,33,55,63,92,149,163,189,199,209],"feature":[15,39,80,122,134],"maps":[16,135],"on":[17,160,212],"convolutional":[19],"layers.":[20],"However,":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,88,132,195],"the":[24,31,37,44,52,69,90,104,129,147,161,169,175,184,187,196,200,206],"problems":[25],"its":[27],"insufficient":[28],"non-linearity":[29],"and":[30,65,112,142,152,157,221],"lack":[32],"semantic":[34,144],"information":[35],"in":[36],"shallow":[38],"maps,":[40],"as":[41,43,117,128,216],"well":[42],"fact":[45],"that":[46,62],"small":[47,56,84,93,164,201],"objects":[48,57],"contain":[49],"few":[50],"pixels,":[51],"accuracy":[54,148],"significantly":[59],"worse":[60],"than":[61],"large-":[64],"medium-scale":[66],"objects.":[67,202],"Considering":[68],"above":[70],"problems,":[71],"we":[72,167],"propose":[73],"novel":[75,100],"detector,":[77],"self-attention":[78,101],"combined":[79],"fusion-based":[81],"for":[83,120,174],"(SAFF-SSD),":[87],"boost":[89],"precision":[91],"detection.":[95],"In":[96],"this":[97],"work,":[98],"module":[102],"called":[103],"Local":[105],"Lighted":[106],"Transformer":[107],"block":[108],"(2L-Transformer)":[109],"proposed":[111],"coupled":[114],"with":[115,136],"EfficientNetV2-S":[116],"our":[118,210],"backbone":[119],"improved":[121],"extraction.":[123],"CSP-PAN":[124],"topology":[125],"adopted":[127],"neck":[131],"equip":[133],"both":[137],"low-level":[138],"detail":[140],"features":[141],"high-level":[143],"features,":[145],"improving":[146],"having":[153],"clear,":[155],"noticeable":[156],"definitive":[158],"effect":[159],"targets.":[165],"Simultaneously,":[166],"substitute":[168],"normalized":[170],"Wasserstein":[171],"distance":[172],"(NWD)":[173],"commonly":[176],"used":[177],"Intersection":[178],"over":[179],"Union":[180],"(IoU),":[181],"alleviates":[183],"problem":[185],"wherein":[186],"extensions":[188],"IoU-based":[190],"metrics":[191],"are":[192],"very":[193],"sensitive":[194],"positional":[197],"deviation":[198],"The":[203],"experiments":[204],"illustrate":[205],"promising":[207],"performance":[208],"detector":[211],"many":[213],"datasets,":[214],"such":[215],"Pascal":[217],"VOC":[218],"2007,":[219],"TGRS-HRRSD":[220],"AI-TOD.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2023-06-10T00:00:00"}
