{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380050110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15122986","title":"3D Point Cloud Object Detection Algorithm Based on Temporal Information Fusion and Uncertainty Estimation","display_name":"3D Point Cloud Object Detection Algorithm Based on Temporal Information Fusion and Uncertainty Estimation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380050110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15122986"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15122986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15122986","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/2986/pdf?version=1686205107","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/2986/pdf?version=1686205107","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086624383","display_name":"Guangda Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4802-7486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangda Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100421498","display_name":"Yang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-3306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100652818","display_name":"Yanping Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1287-670X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022045896","display_name":"Ziyi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-6352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090156119","display_name":"Hongquan Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2688-1470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongquan Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100652818"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":0.2161,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41220079,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"12","first_page":"2986","last_page":"2986"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.7996190190315247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7606232166290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.668948233127594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6493582129478455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6192842125892639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5614033937454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.5297832489013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4731137454509735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.43707531690597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.4335312843322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4172225594520569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3585677742958069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.0894438624382019}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.7996190190315247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7606232166290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.668948233127594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6493582129478455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6192842125892639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5614033937454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.5297832489013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4731137454509735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.43707531690597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4335312843322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4172225594520569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3585677742958069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0894438624382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15122986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15122986","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/2986/pdf?version=1686205107","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7b0df136aea4d1baa1b32adf1a463c4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7b0df136aea4d1baa1b32adf1a463c4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 12, p 2986 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/12/2986/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15122986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 12; Pages: 2986","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15122986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15122986","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/2986/pdf?version=1686205107","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2847385575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62131001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3945434856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"218051360020XN115/014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4277025088","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"218051360020XN115/014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325862","funder_display_name":"North China University of Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G524224688","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KM202010009011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7140735596","display_name":"\u591a\u89d2\u5ea6\u53ca\u591a\u65f6\u76f8\u6781\u5316SAR\u6563\u5c04\u7279\u5f81\u5e8f\u5217\u591a\u7ef4\u5173\u7cfb\u8868\u5f81\u53ca\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61971456","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325862","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380050110.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485009520","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2566079294","https://openalex.org/W2590174509","https://openalex.org/W2600383743","https://openalex.org/W2767094803","https://openalex.org/W2793130599","https://openalex.org/W2897529137","https://openalex.org/W2948551291","https://openalex.org/W2949708697","https://openalex.org/W2949888942","https://openalex.org/W2950642167","https://openalex.org/W2963167203","https://openalex.org/W2963727135","https://openalex.org/W2968296999","https://openalex.org/W2970594690","https://openalex.org/W2981958729","https://openalex.org/W2995108618","https://openalex.org/W3000681136","https://openalex.org/W3035172746","https://openalex.org/W3035346742","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3114753236","https://openalex.org/W3117901461","https://openalex.org/W3131452527","https://openalex.org/W3156669901","https://openalex.org/W3167095230","https://openalex.org/W4313149358","https://openalex.org/W4386076253","https://openalex.org/W6757817989","https://openalex.org/W6765771010"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W2883297582","https://openalex.org/W4390524233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,84],"autonomous":[1],"driving,":[2],"LiDAR":[3,94],"(light":[4],"detection":[5,17,74,276],"and":[6,103,158,181,212,226],"ranging)":[7],"data":[8,29],"are":[9],"acquired":[10],"over":[11],"time.":[12],"Most":[13],"existing":[14],"3D":[15,70,152,202],"object":[16,21,48,73,153,275],"algorithms":[18],"propose":[19,64],"the":[20,33,38,47,78,87,93,100,107,111,115,120,123,127,132,137,144,151,155,160,164,168,172,175,179,185,189,208,214,222,228,231,234,242,250,255,260,264,271,274,280,283],"bounding":[22,203,216,235,243],"box":[23,204,217,236,244],"by":[24,135],"processing":[25],"each":[26,90],"frame":[27,91,157,166],"of":[28,89,114,163,178,188,201,230,233,273,282],"independently,":[30],"which":[31],"ignores":[32],"temporal":[34,39,66,145],"sequence":[35,40,67,146],"information.":[36],"However,":[37],"information":[41,52,68],"is":[42,97,104],"usually":[43],"helpful":[44],"to":[45,54,106,119,149,167,220,224,240,253],"detect":[46],"with":[49,110,245],"missing":[50],"shape":[51],"due":[53],"long":[55],"distance":[56],"or":[57],"occlusion.":[58],"To":[59],"address":[60],"this":[61,85,192,194,268],"problem,":[62,193],"we":[63],"a":[65,197],"fusion":[69,147],"point":[71,95],"cloud":[72,96],"algorithm":[75],"based":[76,206],"on":[77,207],"Ada-GRU":[79,108,124,142],"(adaptive":[80],"gated":[81],"recurrent":[82],"unit).":[83],"method,":[86],"feature":[88],"for":[92],"extracted":[98],"through":[99],"backbone":[101],"network":[102],"fed":[105],"together":[109],"hidden":[112,161],"features":[113,148,162],"previous":[116],"frames.":[117],"Compared":[118],"traditional":[121],"GRU,":[122],"can":[125],"adjust":[126],"gating":[128],"mechanism":[129],"adaptively":[130],"during":[131],"training":[133,186],"process":[134],"introducing":[136],"adaptive":[138],"activation":[139],"function.":[140],"The":[141],"outputs":[143],"predict":[150],"in":[154,249,267],"current":[156,165],"transmits":[159],"next":[169],"frame.":[170],"At":[171],"same":[173],"time,":[174],"label":[176],"uncertainty":[177,229,248],"distant":[180],"occluded":[182],"objects":[183],"affects":[184],"effect":[187],"model.":[190],"For":[191],"paper":[195,269],"proposes":[196],"probability":[198],"distribution":[199,210],"model":[200,223],"coordinates":[205],"Gaussian":[209],"function":[211,219],"designs":[213],"corresponding":[215],"loss":[218],"enable":[221],"learn":[225],"estimate":[227],"positioning":[232,247],"coordinates,":[237],"so":[238],"as":[239],"remove":[241],"large":[246],"post-processing":[251],"stage":[252],"reduce":[254],"false":[256],"positive":[257],"rate.":[258],"Finally,":[259],"experiments":[261],"show":[262],"that":[263],"methods":[265],"proposed":[266],"improve":[270],"accuracy":[272],"without":[277],"significantly":[278],"increasing":[279],"complexity":[281],"algorithm.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2023-06-10T00:00:00"}
