{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379794635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15122958","title":"Performance Assessment of Multi-GNSS PPP Ambiguity Resolution with LEO-Augmentation","display_name":"Performance Assessment of Multi-GNSS PPP Ambiguity Resolution with LEO-Augmentation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379794635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15122958"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15122958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15122958","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/2958/pdf?version=1686125814","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/2958/pdf?version=1686125814","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100438941","display_name":"Qin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1173-2348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1173-2348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053458962","display_name":"Wanqiang Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8584-3810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanqiang Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020768636","display_name":"Rui Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4706-5373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093645","display_name":"National Time Service Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00655qp86","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210093645"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144662","display_name":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics","ror":"https://ror.org/0444j5556","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210144662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China","National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China","Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi'an 710600, China","National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi'an 710600, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4706-5373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210144662"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210093645"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi'an 710600, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210144662"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi'an 710600, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210093645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078029324","display_name":"Yanjun Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0296-6816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanjun Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0296-6816","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100708627","display_name":"Mingyue Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0503-3544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093645","display_name":"National Time Service Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00655qp86","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210093645"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyue Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China","National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi'an 710600, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210093645"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi'an 710600, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210093645"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020768636"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210093645","https://openalex.org/I4210144662","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":8.9208,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9685725,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"12","first_page":"2958","last_page":"2958"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity-resolution","display_name":"Ambiguity resolution","score":0.8883612155914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.6938427686691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5582618713378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.5434560775756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.515958845615387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.49084264039993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.4880322515964508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.48600897192955017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.46025550365448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4332626461982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4297887980937958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.23108038306236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.22801008820533752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20491620898246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13184407353401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.07906517386436462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07031470537185669}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777559092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4741445","display_name":"Ambiguity resolution","level":4,"score":0.8883612155914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.6938427686691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5582618713378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.5434560775756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.515958845615387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.49084264039993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.4880322515964508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.48600897192955017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.46025550365448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4332626461982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4297887980937958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.23108038306236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.22801008820533752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20491620898246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13184407353401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.07906517386436462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07031470537185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15122958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15122958","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/2958/pdf?version=1686125814","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:65c54861317d430b9b0955235f56abcf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/65c54861317d430b9b0955235f56abcf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 12, p 2958 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/12/2958/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15122958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 12; Pages: 2958","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15122958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15122958","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/12/2958/pdf?version=1686125814","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2453530839","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u975e\u5dee\u76f8\u4f4d\u89c2\u6d4b\u503c\u7684\u5317\u6597\u7cbe\u5bc6\u6388\u65f6\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u6a21\u7cca\u5ea6\u5904\u7406\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41974032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G393617664","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42274019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G819568484","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41974032, 42274019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4379794635.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535176033","https://openalex.org/W1765174835","https://openalex.org/W2004869411","https://openalex.org/W2030492481","https://openalex.org/W2060803307","https://openalex.org/W2094280389","https://openalex.org/W2097729150","https://openalex.org/W2102505671","https://openalex.org/W2134691634","https://openalex.org/W2136544804","https://openalex.org/W2137396739","https://openalex.org/W2186664960","https://openalex.org/W2322978817","https://openalex.org/W2586476858","https://openalex.org/W2603176399","https://openalex.org/W2765551870","https://openalex.org/W2787930362","https://openalex.org/W2809006737","https://openalex.org/W2892301584","https://openalex.org/W2912295373","https://openalex.org/W2917144230","https://openalex.org/W2988734825","https://openalex.org/W3031333046","https://openalex.org/W3197322771","https://openalex.org/W4200528635","https://openalex.org/W4238090681","https://openalex.org/W4240109574","https://openalex.org/W4327700036","https://openalex.org/W4363679377","https://openalex.org/W6632175673","https://openalex.org/W6637227662","https://openalex.org/W6674818763","https://openalex.org/W6734771356","https://openalex.org/W6801027599"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088883276","https://openalex.org/W2495314286","https://openalex.org/W2912637366","https://openalex.org/W3087068267","https://openalex.org/W1977996443","https://openalex.org/W2998416166","https://openalex.org/W4375815606","https://openalex.org/W3036334520","https://openalex.org/W4229451083","https://openalex.org/W4220815317"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27,107,193],"fast":[1],"motion":[2],"of":[3,22,30,39,47,78,99,111,180,207,235],"low":[4,86,103],"Earth":[5],"orbit":[6,72],"(LEO)":[7],"satellites":[8,80,101,114,218,249],"provides":[9],"rapid":[10,28,37],"geometric":[11],"changes":[12],"in":[13,152,168],"a":[14,69,75],"short":[15],"time,":[16],"which":[17],"can":[18],"accelerate":[19],"the":[20,36,45,97,112,116,122,131,139,144,153,171,177,201,208,232,236],"initialization":[21],"precise":[23],"point":[24],"positioning":[25,178],"(PPP).":[26],"convergence":[29,233],"ambiguity":[31,40,185],"parameters":[32],"is":[33],"conducive":[34],"to":[35,94,164,170,199,203,212,221,229,240,252],"success":[38],"fixing.":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43],"presents":[44],"performance":[46,179],"single-":[48],"and":[49,87,90,104,187,215],"four-system":[50,209,237],"combined":[51,210,238],"PPP":[52,184,239,245],"Ambiguity":[53],"Resolution":[54],"(AR),":[55],"enhanced":[56],"with":[57,74,190],"an":[58],"ambiguity-float":[59,182],"solution":[60],"LEO.":[61],"Two":[62],"LEO":[63,113,172,181,217,248],"constellations":[64],"were":[65,119,128,134,219],"designed:":[66],"L":[67],"was":[68,92,197,227],"typical":[70],"polar":[71],"constellation,":[73],"higher":[76],"number":[77],"visible":[79,100],"at":[81,85,102,115,149],"high":[82],"latitudes":[83],"than":[84],"middle":[88,105],"latitudes;":[89],"M":[91],"designed":[93],"compensate":[95],"for":[96,250],"lack":[98],"latitudes.":[106],"ground":[108],"observation":[109,136,146,156],"data":[110,133,137],"MGEX":[117,140,155],"stations":[118,151],"simulated.":[120],"Because":[121],"global":[123,154],"navigation":[124],"satellite":[125],"systems":[126],"(GNSSs)":[127],"fully":[129],"operational,":[130],"GNSS":[132],"real":[135],"from":[138],"stations.":[141],"Based":[142],"on":[143],"daily":[145],"datasets":[147],"collected":[148],"258":[150],"network":[157],"over":[158],"three":[159],"days":[160],"(from":[161],"January":[162,165],"1":[163],"3":[166],"2022),":[167],"addition":[169],"simulation":[173],"data,":[174],"we":[175],"evaluated":[176],"solution-enhanced":[183],"resolution":[186],"compared":[188],"it":[189],"LEO-enhanced":[191],"PPP.":[192],"L+M":[194,224],"mixed":[195,225],"constellation":[196,226],"able":[198,228],"reduce":[200],"time":[202,234],"first":[204],"fix":[205],"(TTFF)":[206],"PPP-AR":[211],"5":[213],"min,":[214],"four":[216],"sufficient":[220],"achieve":[222],"this.":[223],"redu":[230],"ce":[231],"2":[241],"min.":[242],"Unlike":[243],"PPP-AR,":[244],"required":[246],"more":[247],"augmentation":[251],"saturate.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}