{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379469637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112936","title":"MCPT: Mixed Convolutional Parallel Transformer for Polarimetric SAR Image Classification","display_name":"MCPT: Mixed Convolutional Parallel Transformer for Polarimetric SAR Image Classification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379469637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112936"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15112936","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112936","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/11/2936/pdf?version=1685943438","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/11/2936/pdf?version=1685943438","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043926648","display_name":"W. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9019-0182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenke Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100666568","display_name":"Jianlong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8117-0631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianlong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101893406","display_name":"Bibo Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7854-5305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bibo Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101545201","display_name":"Boyuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4163-6557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boyuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006296499","display_name":"Yake Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6326-3447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75955062","display_name":"Henan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s13br28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yake Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109012707","display_name":"Chunyang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6060-790X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100666568"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":7.5393,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96431754,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"11","first_page":"2936","last_page":"2936"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7674639225006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5787271857261658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5777955055236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5543670654296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5539212226867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4285879135131836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7674639225006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5787271857261658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5777955055236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5543670654296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5539212226867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4285879135131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15112936","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112936","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/11/2936/pdf?version=1685943438","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1d3f011a206e47dd9deda43a270647b0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1d3f011a206e47dd9deda43a270647b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 11, p 2936 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/11/2936/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15112936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 11; Pages: 2936","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15112936","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112936","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/11/2936/pdf?version=1685943438","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4223739804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"232102211019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336593","funder_display_name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5548897033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7417326762","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23210221101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336593","funder_display_name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7570365276","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8044945775","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8252935001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"32102211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8602056839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"622012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321954","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336593","display_name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4379469637.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W603284775","https://openalex.org/W1516198666","https://openalex.org/W1579744964","https://openalex.org/W1917898038","https://openalex.org/W1969674753","https://openalex.org/W1986030219","https://openalex.org/W1996777517","https://openalex.org/W2020101194","https://openalex.org/W2044097773","https://openalex.org/W2067947697","https://openalex.org/W2076375484","https://openalex.org/W2098777834","https://openalex.org/W2131324761","https://openalex.org/W2133989913","https://openalex.org/W2151162785","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2326827146","https://openalex.org/W2559324447","https://openalex.org/W2614256707","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2754361766","https://openalex.org/W2793189836","https://openalex.org/W2883158673","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2897319686","https://openalex.org/W2905138651","https://openalex.org/W2943568678","https://openalex.org/W2952813363","https://openalex.org/W2963111876","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963730812","https://openalex.org/W2963943821","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2969662039","https://openalex.org/W2979476850","https://openalex.org/W2989067579","https://openalex.org/W2989503313","https://openalex.org/W3002750555","https://openalex.org/W3013954566","https://openalex.org/W3020530497","https://openalex.org/W3036952676","https://openalex.org/W3103753223","https://openalex.org/W3105026501","https://openalex.org/W3145450063","https://openalex.org/W3151130473","https://openalex.org/W3157528469","https://openalex.org/W3166466426","https://openalex.org/W3206824631","https://openalex.org/W3207013384","https://openalex.org/W4206522033","https://openalex.org/W4213019189","https://openalex.org/W4214600173","https://openalex.org/W4214636423","https://openalex.org/W4221165617","https://openalex.org/W4296350506","https://openalex.org/W4312427063","https://openalex.org/W4312680222","https://openalex.org/W4317796315","https://openalex.org/W6696761078","https://openalex.org/W6802968523","https://openalex.org/W6807103956"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W4390516098","https://openalex.org/W2181948922","https://openalex.org/W2384362569","https://openalex.org/W2345479200","https://openalex.org/W2183306018","https://openalex.org/W2142795561","https://openalex.org/W2849310602","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vision":[0],"transformers":[1],"(ViT)":[2],"have":[3],"the":[4,57,62,89,93,111,123,132,152,159,172,185],"characteristics":[5],"of":[6,46,71,82,95],"massive":[7],"training":[8,180],"data":[9],"and":[10,76,79,101,114,126,136,143,165,181,191],"complex":[11],"model,":[12],"which":[13,120],"cannot":[14],"be":[15],"directly":[16],"applied":[17],"to":[18,65,88,116],"polarimetric":[19],"synthetic":[20],"aperture":[21],"radar":[22],"(PolSAR)":[23],"image":[24,43],"classification":[25],"tasks.":[26],"Therefore,":[27],"a":[28,48,104,144,176],"mixed":[29,49],"convolutional":[30],"parallel":[31,105,118],"transformer":[32],"(MCPT)":[33],"model":[34],"based":[35],"on":[36,162],"ViT":[37,64],"is":[38,53,107,149],"proposed":[39,173],"for":[40,154],"fast":[41],"PolSAR":[42],"classification.":[44],"First":[45],"all,":[47],"depthwise":[50],"convolution":[51],"tokenization":[52,72],"introduced.":[54],"It":[55],"replaces":[56],"learnable":[58],"linear":[59],"projection":[60],"in":[61,179],"original":[63,133],"obtain":[66],"patch":[67],"embeddings.":[68],"The":[69],"process":[70],"can":[73,121],"reduce":[74],"computational":[75],"parameter":[77],"complexity":[78],"extract":[80],"features":[81],"different":[83],"receptive":[84],"fields":[85],"as":[86],"input":[87],"encoder.":[90],"Furthermore,":[91],"combining":[92],"idea":[94],"shallow":[96],"networks":[97],"with":[98],"lower":[99],"latency":[100],"easier":[102],"optimization,":[103],"encoder":[106,153],"implemented":[108],"by":[109],"pairing":[110],"same":[112],"modules":[113],"recombining":[115],"form":[117],"blocks,":[119],"decrease":[122],"network":[124],"depth":[125],"computing":[127],"power":[128],"requirement.":[129],"In":[130],"addition,":[131],"class":[134],"embedding":[135,138],"position":[137],"are":[139],"removed":[140],"during":[141],"tokenization,":[142],"global":[145],"average":[146],"pooling":[147],"layer":[148],"added":[150],"after":[151],"category":[155],"feature":[156],"extraction.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"experimental":[160],"results":[161],"AIRSAR":[163],"Flevoland":[164],"RADARSAT-2":[166],"San":[167],"Francisco":[168],"datasets":[169],"show":[170],"that":[171],"method":[174],"achieves":[175],"significant":[177],"improvement":[178],"prediction":[182],"speed.":[183],"Meanwhile,":[184],"overall":[186],"accuracy":[187],"achieved":[188],"was":[189],"97.9%":[190],"96.77%,":[192],"respectively.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}