{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378619255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112803","title":"Unsupervised Classification of Riverbed Types for Bathymetry Mapping in Shallow Rivers Using UAV-Based Hyperspectral Imagery","display_name":"Unsupervised Classification of Riverbed Types for Bathymetry Mapping in Shallow Rivers Using UAV-Based Hyperspectral Imagery","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378619255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112803"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15112803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112803","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/11/2803/pdf?version=1685265891","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/11/2803/pdf?version=1685265891","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073054864","display_name":"Siyoon Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1921-5370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyoon Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018024289","display_name":"Yeonghwa Gwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8376-4978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yeonghwa Gwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100743872","display_name":"Dongsu Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4536-767X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongsu Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084716146","display_name":"Il Won Seo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1101-1832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Il Won Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066301127","display_name":"Hojun You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1678-0956"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hojun You","raw_affiliation_strings":["K-Water Institute, Daejeon 34350, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"K-Water Institute, Daejeon 34350, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018024289"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.8395,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83451057,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"11","first_page":"2803","last_page":"2803"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10302","display_name":"Fish Ecology and Management Studies","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bathymetry","display_name":"Bathymetry","score":0.844449520111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.6593843698501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5616468787193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.45423904061317444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.43490540981292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.4274728298187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4261961281299591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29781848192214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23331019282341003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.11360031366348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.0721941888332367}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174943157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810826","display_name":"Bathymetry","level":2,"score":0.844449520111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.6593843698501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5616468787193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.45423904061317444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.43490540981292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.4274728298187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4261961281299591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29781848192214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23331019282341003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.11360031366348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0721941888332367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15112803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112803","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/11/2803/pdf?version=1685265891","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:295b0b53823645798aa7d56f9f9047d6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/295b0b53823645798aa7d56f9f9047d6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 11, p 2803 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/11/2803/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15112803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 11; Pages: 2803","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15112803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112803","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/11/2803/pdf?version=1685265891","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3452749629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22DPIW-C153746-04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324625","funder_display_name":"Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321209","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321292","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324625","display_name":"Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement","ror":"https://ror.org/00rxf7n07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378619255.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493454437","https://openalex.org/W1543907478","https://openalex.org/W1824194632","https://openalex.org/W1901513743","https://openalex.org/W1912349283","https://openalex.org/W1977576984","https://openalex.org/W1983373963","https://openalex.org/W1990738198","https://openalex.org/W2017859040","https://openalex.org/W2063712217","https://openalex.org/W2068990297","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2091220249","https://openalex.org/W2104892831","https://openalex.org/W2142821935","https://openalex.org/W2146093016","https://openalex.org/W2165585395","https://openalex.org/W2169939759","https://openalex.org/W2336807904","https://openalex.org/W2340393193","https://openalex.org/W2743445409","https://openalex.org/W2750230887","https://openalex.org/W2761784863","https://openalex.org/W2807808709","https://openalex.org/W2893890790","https://openalex.org/W2907525308","https://openalex.org/W2914128122","https://openalex.org/W2960407059","https://openalex.org/W2966381923","https://openalex.org/W2966779994","https://openalex.org/W3007036128","https://openalex.org/W3088182663","https://openalex.org/W3091935672","https://openalex.org/W3126210963","https://openalex.org/W3135927149","https://openalex.org/W3212675658","https://openalex.org/W3213215216","https://openalex.org/W4214624819","https://openalex.org/W4223655275","https://openalex.org/W4285094736","https://openalex.org/W4291000422","https://openalex.org/W4315853665","https://openalex.org/W4361213605","https://openalex.org/W4364378035","https://openalex.org/W4367597365","https://openalex.org/W6644801107","https://openalex.org/W6791512558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W4391311960","https://openalex.org/W2793357704","https://openalex.org/W4386617716","https://openalex.org/W2184765375","https://openalex.org/W3152163876","https://openalex.org/W773765100","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W4313058144","https://openalex.org/W2060875994"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Passive":[0],"remote":[1],"sensing":[2],"is":[3,22,31,164,191],"a":[4,55,136,192],"practical":[5],"and":[6,43,91,93,96,176,200],"widely":[7],"used":[8],"method":[9,61,79,105,128,154,187],"for":[10,38,47,140,195],"bathymetry":[11,40,142,197],"mapping":[12,41,143,198],"in":[13,80,138,158,170,204],"shallow":[14,82,205],"rivers.":[15,206],"However,":[16],"the":[17,35,72,77,103,108,117,126,141,184],"accuracy":[18,42,199],"of":[19,25,120],"this":[20,51],"approach":[21],"limited":[23],"because":[24],"different":[26,85],"riverbed":[27,36,68,114,121,174,202],"types;":[28],"therefore,":[29],"it":[30],"important":[32],"to":[33,66,148,166],"classify":[34,67],"types":[37,69,175,203],"improving":[39,196],"providing":[44],"useful":[45],"information":[46],"fluvial":[48],"systems.":[49],"In":[50],"study,":[52],"we":[53,134],"proposed":[54,78,153],"Gaussian":[56],"mixture":[57,87],"model":[58],"(GMM)-based":[59],"clustering":[60,186],"that":[62,102,183],"utilizes":[63],"hyperspectral":[64,189],"imagery":[65,190],"without":[70],"sampling":[71],"bed":[73,86],"material.":[74],"We":[75],"evaluated":[76],"two":[81],"streams":[83],"with":[84,129],"conditions:":[88],"(i)":[89],"sand":[90,95],"vegetation":[92],"(ii)":[94],"moss-covered":[97],"sand.":[98],"The":[99],"results":[100,144],"showed":[101],"GMM":[104,127],"accurately":[106],"identified":[107],"spectral":[109],"variability":[110],"caused":[111],"by":[112,124,145],"diverse":[113],"materials,":[115],"enabling":[116],"precise":[118],"classification":[119],"types.":[122],"Moreover,":[123],"combining":[125],"optimal":[130],"band":[131],"ratio":[132],"analysis,":[133],"observed":[135],"reduction":[137],"error":[139],"approximately":[146],"0.05":[147],"0.07":[149],"m.":[150],"While":[151],"our":[152,179],"exhibits":[155],"potential":[156],"applications":[157],"various":[159],"river":[160],"environments,":[161],"further":[162],"research":[163],"needed":[165],"validate":[167],"its":[168],"effectiveness":[169],"classifying":[171,201],"more":[172],"complex":[173],"conditions.":[177],"Overall,":[178],"study":[180],"findings":[181],"suggest":[182],"GMM-based":[185],"using":[188],"promising":[193],"tool":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2023-05-29T00:00:00"}
