{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378083390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102700","title":"Improving the Spatial Accuracy of UAV Platforms Using Direct Georeferencing Methods: An Application for Steep Slopes","display_name":"Improving the Spatial Accuracy of UAV Platforms Using Direct Georeferencing Methods: An Application for Steep Slopes","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378083390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102700"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2700/pdf?version=1684918237","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2700/pdf?version=1684918237","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076553967","display_name":"Mustafa Zeybek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8640-1443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137996928","display_name":"Sel\u00e7uk University","ror":"https://ror.org/045hgzm75","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137996928"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Zeybek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guneysinir Vocational School, Selcuk University, Konya 42490, T\u00fcrkiye"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guneysinir Vocational School, Selcuk University, Konya 42490, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137996928"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070847854","display_name":"Selim TA\u015eKAYA","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4290-3684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140106629","display_name":"Artvin Coruh University","ror":"https://ror.org/02wcpmn42","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140106629"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selim Ta\u015fkaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin 08100, T\u00fcrkiye"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin 08100, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140106629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063042707","display_name":"Ismail Elkhrachy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9766-779X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismail Elkhrachy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058781795","display_name":"Paolo Tarolli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0043-5226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Tarolli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076553967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137996928"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":8.076,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97555287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"10","first_page":"2700","last_page":"2700"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6654536724090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6600101590156555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-sample-distance","display_name":"Ground sample distance","score":0.6348435878753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.5073909163475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.48972657322883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4881454408168793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/georeference","display_name":"Georeference","score":0.46130186319351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.43709924817085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.41225308179855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.370671808719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.324747771024704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.29717445373535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.22545957565307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15855363011360168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.08608663082122803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6654536724090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6600101590156555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197513456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610972","display_name":"Ground sample distance","level":3,"score":0.6348435878753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.5073909163475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.48972657322883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4881454408168793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75145180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q772007","display_name":"Georeference","level":2,"score":0.46130186319351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.43709924817085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.41225308179855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.370671808719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.324747771024704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29717445373535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.22545957565307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15855363011360168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.08608663082122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2700/pdf?version=1684918237","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3492098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3492098","pdf_url":"https://www.research.unipd.it/bitstream/11577/3492098/1/Zeybek%20et%20al.%20%282023%29.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196283","display_name":"Research Padua  Archive (University of Padua)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:19f3dc545983477aa329541b21d4b266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/19f3dc545983477aa329541b21d4b266","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 10, p 2700 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/10/2700/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15102700","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 10; Pages: 2700","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2700/pdf?version=1684918237","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319422","display_name":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/00r9t7n55"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4378083390.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W429766147","https://openalex.org/W1965711210","https://openalex.org/W2017977879","https://openalex.org/W2027254180","https://openalex.org/W2031698705","https://openalex.org/W2062175031","https://openalex.org/W2065692022","https://openalex.org/W2068265070","https://openalex.org/W2088331957","https://openalex.org/W2129404737","https://openalex.org/W2319919884","https://openalex.org/W2558589469","https://openalex.org/W2558832094","https://openalex.org/W2782239312","https://openalex.org/W2890622637","https://openalex.org/W2900300361","https://openalex.org/W2971714605","https://openalex.org/W3009713213","https://openalex.org/W3013220302","https://openalex.org/W3037170640","https://openalex.org/W3128706650","https://openalex.org/W3138295133","https://openalex.org/W3148576065","https://openalex.org/W3166141595","https://openalex.org/W3172304672","https://openalex.org/W3203088072","https://openalex.org/W4205698836","https://openalex.org/W4206720244","https://openalex.org/W4211093406","https://openalex.org/W4212870235","https://openalex.org/W4225297277","https://openalex.org/W4231793870","https://openalex.org/W4281658068","https://openalex.org/W4289519317","https://openalex.org/W4294576893","https://openalex.org/W4311045015","https://openalex.org/W4385674074","https://openalex.org/W6779774428","https://openalex.org/W6792115143","https://openalex.org/W6987806728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032854667","https://openalex.org/W4389670513","https://openalex.org/W2619880372","https://openalex.org/W1992962589","https://openalex.org/W1619824977","https://openalex.org/W3032871857","https://openalex.org/W241236883","https://openalex.org/W2011723267","https://openalex.org/W102735779","https://openalex.org/W2075848806"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,153,222],"spatial":[1],"accuracy":[2,47,63,81,217,238,255],"of":[3,79,137,146,155,174,187,203,225,247,256],"unmanned":[4,240],"aerial":[5,241],"vehicles":[6,242],"(UAVs)":[7],"and":[8,48,96,130,139,149,179,190,195,243,251],"the":[9,18,67,108,112,122,159,210,231,245,254,257],"images":[10],"they":[11],"capture":[12],"play":[13],"a":[14,84],"crucial":[15],"role":[16],"in":[17,53,143],"mapping":[19],"process.":[20],"Researchers":[21],"are":[22,104,133],"exploring":[23],"solutions":[24],"that":[25,209],"use":[26],"image-based":[27],"techniques":[28],"such":[29],"as":[30],"structure":[31],"from":[32,126],"motion":[33],"(SfM)":[34],"to":[35,60,64,82,106,120,229,234],"produce":[36],"topographic":[37,259],"maps":[38],"using":[39,158],"UAVs":[40],"while":[41],"accessing":[42],"locations":[43],"with":[44,111,163,239],"extremely":[45],"high":[46,215,236],"minimal":[49],"surface":[50],"measurements.":[51],"Advancements":[52],"technology":[54],"have":[55],"enabled":[56],"real-time":[57],"kinematic":[58,77],"(RTK)":[59],"increase":[61],"positional":[62,80,114,123,216,237],"1\u20133":[65],"times":[66],"ground":[68,156,165],"sampling":[69],"distance":[70],"(GSD).":[71],"This":[72],"paper":[73,227],"focuses":[74],"on":[75,253],"post-processing":[76],"(PPK)":[78],"achieve":[83,89,214,235],"GSD":[85,144],"or":[86],"better.":[87],"To":[88],"this,":[90],"precise":[91],"satellite":[92,100],"orbits,":[93],"clock":[94],"information,":[95],"UAV":[97,219],"global":[98],"navigation":[99],"system":[101],"observation":[102],"files":[103],"utilized":[105],"calculate":[107],"camera":[109],"positions":[110],"highest":[113],"accuracy.":[115],"RTK/PPK":[116],"analysis":[117],"is":[118,228],"conducted":[119],"improve":[121],"accuracies":[124],"obtained":[125],"different":[127,248],"flight":[128,249],"patterns":[129,250],"altitudes.":[131],"Data":[132],"collected":[134],"at":[135,184,200],"altitudes":[136,252],"80":[138,188],"120":[140,204],"meters,":[141],"resulting":[142,258],"values":[145,173],"1.87":[147],"cm/px":[148],"3.12":[150],"cm/px,":[151],"respectively.":[152],"evaluation":[154],"checkpoints":[157],"proposed":[160,211],"PPK":[161,232],"methodology":[162,212],"one":[164],"control":[166],"point":[167],"demonstrated":[168],"root":[169],"mean":[170],"square":[171],"error":[172],"2.3":[175],"cm":[176,181,192,197],"(horizontal,":[177,193],"nadiral)":[178,183],"2.4":[180],"(vertical,":[182,198],"an":[185,201],"altitude":[186,202],"m,":[189],"1.4":[191],"oblique)":[194],"3.2":[196],"terrain-following)":[199],"m.":[205],"These":[206],"results":[207],"suggest":[208],"can":[213],"for":[218],"image":[220],"georeferencing.":[221],"main":[223],"contribution":[224],"this":[226],"evaluate":[230],"approach":[233],"assess":[244],"effect":[246],"maps.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2023-05-25T00:00:00"}