{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377291644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102670","title":"A Deep-Learning Scheme for Hydrometeor Type Classification Using Passive Microwave Observations","display_name":"A Deep-Learning Scheme for Hydrometeor Type Classification Using Passive Microwave Observations","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377291644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102670"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102670","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2670/pdf?version=1685071579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2670/pdf?version=1685071579","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044099297","display_name":"Ruiyao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3434-3725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruiyao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37215, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37215, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044340266","display_name":"Ralf Bennartz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7133-9659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf Bennartz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37215, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37215, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044099297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.2193,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52206596,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"10","first_page":"2670","last_page":"2670"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness-temperature","display_name":"Brightness temperature","score":0.7104864716529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.6285194158554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6279173493385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.6241693496704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5686677694320679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5210361480712891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5026209354400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44948962330818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-microwave-sounding-unit","display_name":"Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit","score":0.42566120624542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave-imaging","display_name":"Microwave imaging","score":0.42213913798332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.4204513430595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1547304093837738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14089885354042053}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53802167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4538627","display_name":"Brightness temperature","level":3,"score":0.7104864716529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.6285194158554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6279173493385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.6241693496704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5686677694320679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5210361480712891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5026209354400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44948962330818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37856936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4686237","display_name":"Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit","level":3,"score":0.42566120624542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010029","display_name":"Microwave imaging","level":3,"score":0.42213913798332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.4204513430595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1547304093837738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14089885354042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102670","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2670/pdf?version=1685071579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:250e21c8bccc4196b512da473e76d5ac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/250e21c8bccc4196b512da473e76d5ac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 10, p 2670 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/10/2670/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15102670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 10; Pages: 2670","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102670","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2670/pdf?version=1685071579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7270163592","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX17AJ09G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377291644.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1649947482","https://openalex.org/W1667819958","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1995341919","https://openalex.org/W2016568524","https://openalex.org/W2026865765","https://openalex.org/W2031675844","https://openalex.org/W2038268867","https://openalex.org/W2039845302","https://openalex.org/W2040882433","https://openalex.org/W2045947288","https://openalex.org/W2072881174","https://openalex.org/W2073298425","https://openalex.org/W2079529265","https://openalex.org/W2097975612","https://openalex.org/W2098960569","https://openalex.org/W2101902804","https://openalex.org/W2120985218","https://openalex.org/W2122412480","https://openalex.org/W2127969284","https://openalex.org/W2136550063","https://openalex.org/W2138644576","https://openalex.org/W2139661162","https://openalex.org/W2157747676","https://openalex.org/W2158139061","https://openalex.org/W2159780131","https://openalex.org/W2179040032","https://openalex.org/W2287049325","https://openalex.org/W2352044181","https://openalex.org/W2413554747","https://openalex.org/W2518850026","https://openalex.org/W2781748871","https://openalex.org/W2790832316","https://openalex.org/W2793177454","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2963091558","https://openalex.org/W2963907629","https://openalex.org/W2968686375","https://openalex.org/W2977666392","https://openalex.org/W2980276221","https://openalex.org/W3016719260","https://openalex.org/W3029752768","https://openalex.org/W3036558832","https://openalex.org/W3102302111","https://openalex.org/W3136421480","https://openalex.org/W3172509117","https://openalex.org/W3183430956","https://openalex.org/W4214496757","https://openalex.org/W4281783612","https://openalex.org/W4290653181","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6738893770","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6766978945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2624272695","https://openalex.org/W2086097481","https://openalex.org/W1989943753","https://openalex.org/W2910219652","https://openalex.org/W1981532821","https://openalex.org/W1983414154","https://openalex.org/W2132992007","https://openalex.org/W2041890979","https://openalex.org/W2540909290","https://openalex.org/W2111586823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,73,130,162,190],"novel":[4],"approach":[5,160],"for":[6,18,29,118,165],"hydrometeor":[7,46,111,174],"classification":[8],"using":[9,102],"passive":[10,16,167],"microwave":[11,42,168],"observations.":[12],"The":[13,94],"use":[14],"of":[15,86,110,143,183,192],"measurements":[17],"this":[19],"purpose":[20],"has":[21],"not":[22],"been":[23],"extensively":[24],"explored,":[25],"despite":[26],"being":[27,153],"available":[28],"over":[30],"four":[31],"decades.":[32],"We":[33,121],"utilize":[34,72],"the":[35,50,107,180],"Micro-Wave":[36],"Humidity":[37],"Sounder-2":[38],"(MWHS-2)":[39],"to":[40,45],"relate":[41],"brightness":[43],"temperatures":[44],"types":[47,112],"derived":[48],"from":[49,89,129],"global":[51,140],"precipitation":[52,56,144,184],"measurement\u2019s":[53],"(GPM)":[54],"dual-frequency":[55],"radar":[57],"(DPR),":[58],"which":[59],"are":[60],"classified":[61,97],"into":[62],"liquid,":[63],"mixed,":[64],"and":[65,91,105,137,156,170,186],"ice":[66],"phases.":[67],"To":[68],"achieve":[69],"this,":[70],"we":[71],"convolutional":[74],"neural":[75],"network":[76],"model":[77],"with":[78,99,148,151,176,189],"an":[79],"attention":[80],"mechanism":[81],"that":[82],"learns":[83],"feature":[84],"representations":[85],"MWHS-2":[87],"observations":[88,169,182],"spatial":[90],"temporal":[92],"dimensions.":[93],"proposed":[95],"algorithm":[96,195],"hydrometeors":[98],"84.7%":[100],"accuracy":[101],"testing":[103],"data":[104],"captured":[106],"geographical":[108],"characteristics":[109],"well":[113],"in":[114,173,179],"most":[115],"areas,":[116],"especially":[117],"frozen":[119],"precipitation.":[120],"then":[122],"evaluated":[123],"our":[124],"results":[125],"by":[126],"comparing":[127],"predictions":[128],"different":[131],"year":[132],"against":[133],"DPR":[134,149],"retrievals":[135,150],"seasonally":[136],"globally.":[138],"Our":[139,159],"annual":[141],"cycles":[142],"occurrences":[145],"largely":[146],"agreed":[147],"biases":[152],"8.4%,":[154],"\u221211.8%,":[155],"3.4%,":[157],"respectively.":[158],"provides":[161],"promising":[163],"direction":[164],"utilizing":[166],"deep-learning":[171],"techniques":[172],"classification,":[175],"potential":[177],"applications":[178],"time-resolved":[181],"structure":[185],"storm":[187],"intensity":[188],"constellation":[191],"smallsats":[193],"(TROPICS)":[194],"development.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
