{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377139698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102640","title":"Towards an Accurate and Reliable Downscaling Scheme for High-Spatial-Resolution Precipitation Data","display_name":"Towards an Accurate and Reliable Downscaling Scheme for High-Spatial-Resolution Precipitation Data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377139698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102640","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2640/pdf?version=1686135278","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2640/pdf?version=1686135278","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100297617","display_name":"Honglin Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1703-1691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honglin Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032557195","display_name":"Huizeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9018-985X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huizeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085099069","display_name":"Qiming Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0934-0602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiming Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060108171","display_name":"Aihong Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-4306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aihong Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085099069"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.3807,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9508298,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"10","first_page":"2640","last_page":"2640"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downscaling","display_name":"Downscaling","score":0.9744330644607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"Kriging","score":0.6707445383071899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.545285701751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.5416508316993713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.5355510711669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48994821310043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.48827052116394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.4743539094924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3373388946056366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.28422898054122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2540808916091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.21694794297218323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1725711226463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1572820544242859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08305567502975464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.9744330644607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.6707445383071899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.545285701751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5416508316993713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.5355510711669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48994821310043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.48827052116394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.4743539094924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3373388946056366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.28422898054122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2540808916091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.21694794297218323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1725711226463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1572820544242859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08305567502975464}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102640","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2640/pdf?version=1686135278","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5e9747d3aa0b4a098f2f9930256e5b59","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5e9747d3aa0b4a098f2f9930256e5b59","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 10, p 2640 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/10/2640/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15102640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 10; Pages: 2640","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102640","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2640/pdf?version=1686135278","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1356514951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41971","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4917582109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42271416","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5102604763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41971386","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320955","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377139698.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983745221","https://openalex.org/W1990471334","https://openalex.org/W1995091554","https://openalex.org/W2007051388","https://openalex.org/W2013537840","https://openalex.org/W2022349500","https://openalex.org/W2022548072","https://openalex.org/W2038549914","https://openalex.org/W2057355759","https://openalex.org/W2057387551","https://openalex.org/W2057571429","https://openalex.org/W2059293506","https://openalex.org/W2073298425","https://openalex.org/W2091848193","https://openalex.org/W2093675520","https://openalex.org/W2094653192","https://openalex.org/W2134586551","https://openalex.org/W2140737366","https://openalex.org/W2140994193","https://openalex.org/W2145088822","https://openalex.org/W2157395790","https://openalex.org/W2170280355","https://openalex.org/W2172877736","https://openalex.org/W2261645655","https://openalex.org/W2345653556","https://openalex.org/W2513620571","https://openalex.org/W2514170613","https://openalex.org/W2529239031","https://openalex.org/W2529998007","https://openalex.org/W2736539021","https://openalex.org/W2789701861","https://openalex.org/W2790292153","https://openalex.org/W2793997912","https://openalex.org/W2805187526","https://openalex.org/W2808556264","https://openalex.org/W2910228073","https://openalex.org/W2910618474","https://openalex.org/W2954456231","https://openalex.org/W3003939195","https://openalex.org/W3004750619","https://openalex.org/W3005197680","https://openalex.org/W3023958193","https://openalex.org/W3029445528","https://openalex.org/W3041874307","https://openalex.org/W3043467795","https://openalex.org/W3084423830","https://openalex.org/W3102027041","https://openalex.org/W3102103361","https://openalex.org/W3106583177","https://openalex.org/W3118411654","https://openalex.org/W3126157226","https://openalex.org/W3127443316","https://openalex.org/W3127529688","https://openalex.org/W3127840256","https://openalex.org/W3154650405","https://openalex.org/W3154980585","https://openalex.org/W3164028296","https://openalex.org/W3184991396","https://openalex.org/W3189896521","https://openalex.org/W3194381984","https://openalex.org/W3198951408","https://openalex.org/W3201510142","https://openalex.org/W3203259078","https://openalex.org/W3208227771","https://openalex.org/W4224217520","https://openalex.org/W4224920436","https://openalex.org/W4319298550","https://openalex.org/W4321097816","https://openalex.org/W4322718564","https://openalex.org/W4399581998","https://openalex.org/W6869608176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394436593","https://openalex.org/W3013458534","https://openalex.org/W3010558748","https://openalex.org/W2526815458","https://openalex.org/W4220911053","https://openalex.org/W2380042710","https://openalex.org/W2944582722","https://openalex.org/W4377833746","https://openalex.org/W4387102043","https://openalex.org/W2756414913"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"high-spatial-resolution":[1],"precipitation":[2,24,29,39,142,189],"is":[3],"significantly":[4,152],"important":[5],"in":[6,12,139,201],"hydrological":[7,214],"and":[8,17,28,60,77,86,103,130,135,213],"meteorological":[9],"modelling,":[10],"especially":[11,200],"rain-gauge-sparse":[13],"areas.":[14],"Some":[15],"methods":[16,122],"strategies":[18],"have":[19],"been":[20],"applied":[21],"for":[22,84,188],"satellite-based":[23],"downscaling,":[25],"residual":[26,97,159],"correction":[27,98,160],"calibration.":[30],"However,":[31,157],"which":[32,206],"downscaling":[33,58,85,90,164,175,186],"scheme":[34,187,192],"can":[35],"provide":[36],"reliable":[37],"high-resolution":[38,198],"efficiently":[40],"remains":[41],"unanswered.":[42],"To":[43],"address":[44],"this":[45,47],"issue,":[46],"study":[48],"aimed":[49],"to":[50,196],"present":[51],"a":[52,145,184],"framework":[53],"combining":[54],"the":[55,93,96,104,108,120,127,154,158,163,167,171,178],"machine":[56],"learning":[57],"algorithm":[59,176],"post-process":[61],"procedures.":[62],"Firstly,":[63],"four":[64],"ML-based":[65,121,168],"models,":[66],"namely":[67],"support":[68],"vector":[69],"regression,":[70],"random":[71,74],"forest,":[72],"spatial":[73],"forest":[75],"(SRF)":[76],"eXtreme":[78],"gradient":[79],"boosting":[80],"(XGBoost),":[81],"were":[82],"tested":[83],"compared":[87],"with":[88,144,177],"conventional":[89,128],"methods.":[91],"Then,":[92],"effectiveness":[94],"of":[95,166],"process":[99,106,151,161],"using":[100,107],"ordinary":[101],"Kriging":[102],"calibration":[105,150,180],"geographical":[109],"difference":[110],"analysis":[111],"(GDA)":[112],"method":[113,181],"was":[114],"investigated.":[115],"The":[116,133,148,191],"results":[117],"showed":[118],"that":[119],"had":[123],"better":[124],"performance":[125,165],"than":[126],"regression":[129],"interpolation":[131],"approaches.":[132],"SRF":[134,172],"XGBoost":[136,174],"outperformed":[137],"others":[138],"generating":[140],"accurate":[141],"estimation":[143],"high":[146],"resolution.":[147],"GDA":[149,179],"improved":[153],"downscaled":[155],"results.":[156],"decreased":[162],"models.":[169],"Combining":[170],"or":[173],"could":[182,193],"be":[183,194],"promising":[185],"data.":[190],"used":[195],"generate":[197],"precipitation,":[199],"areas":[202],"urgently":[203],"requiring":[204],"data,":[205],"would":[207],"benefit":[208],"regional":[209],"water":[210],"resource":[211],"management":[212],"disaster":[215],"prevention.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2023-05-21T00:00:00"}