{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377107304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102639","title":"Evaluation of Temporal Stability in Radiometric Calibration Network Sites Using Multi-Source Satellite Data and Continuous In Situ Measurements","display_name":"Evaluation of Temporal Stability in Radiometric Calibration Network Sites Using Multi-Source Satellite Data and Continuous In Situ Measurements","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377107304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102639"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102639","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2639/pdf?version=1684503310","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2639/pdf?version=1684503310","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091982457","display_name":"Enchuan Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7966-9799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enchuan Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074711543","display_name":"Chao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3325-7318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396842","display_name":"Hao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0206-9381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030330754","display_name":"Zhenzhen Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0982-1476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenzhen Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395015","display_name":"Chenglong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0002-5128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenglong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","College of Geoscience & Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geoscience & Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100396842"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":8.1683,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96694379,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"10","first_page":"2639","last_page":"2639"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7465195655822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.706394374370575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometric-dating","display_name":"Radiometric dating","score":0.668484091758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometric-calibration","display_name":"Radiometric calibration","score":0.5933996438980103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5422564148902893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5324761867523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"Reflectivity","score":0.457329124212265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.4285631477832794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3846830129623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.28982532024383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16734540462493896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.09975486993789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09076949954032898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08220177888870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07858240604400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.07532995939254761}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7465195655822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.706394374370575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170187044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214753","display_name":"Radiometric dating","level":2,"score":0.668484091758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778522173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281293","display_name":"Radiometric calibration","level":3,"score":0.5933996438980103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5422564148902893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5324761867523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.457329124212265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4285631477832794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3846830129623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.28982532024383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16734540462493896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09975486993789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09076949954032898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08220177888870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07858240604400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.07532995939254761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102639","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2639/pdf?version=1684503310","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:076d6311d80f478c9ffe73787f45e16a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/076d6311d80f478c9ffe73787f45e16a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 10, p 2639 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102639","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2639/pdf?version=1684503310","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3085993365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3783238510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A2010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4275557508","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6622312428","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41771397","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6624677375","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42071330","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6853584884","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30-Y60B01-9003-22/23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8267244009","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4207133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8306842909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. U21A20108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8863666567","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"and No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8955107213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Major","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377107304.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1730937402","https://openalex.org/W1967137980","https://openalex.org/W1972530727","https://openalex.org/W1975359356","https://openalex.org/W1982284907","https://openalex.org/W1988901537","https://openalex.org/W1997074699","https://openalex.org/W2007181882","https://openalex.org/W2018764772","https://openalex.org/W2027357479","https://openalex.org/W2029364683","https://openalex.org/W2053877137","https://openalex.org/W2054726721","https://openalex.org/W2068582210","https://openalex.org/W2073421842","https://openalex.org/W2097134202","https://openalex.org/W2118210986","https://openalex.org/W2125179716","https://openalex.org/W2131586477","https://openalex.org/W2137595065","https://openalex.org/W2137662038","https://openalex.org/W2137852055","https://openalex.org/W2170757132","https://openalex.org/W2318346306","https://openalex.org/W2467702482","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2734376395","https://openalex.org/W2767292345","https://openalex.org/W2774788000","https://openalex.org/W2774940675","https://openalex.org/W2888090573","https://openalex.org/W2888842191","https://openalex.org/W2897285410","https://openalex.org/W2900521154","https://openalex.org/W2900524492","https://openalex.org/W2909333088","https://openalex.org/W2912178692","https://openalex.org/W2912615874","https://openalex.org/W2921803589","https://openalex.org/W2935730345","https://openalex.org/W2954811761","https://openalex.org/W2980855365","https://openalex.org/W2997688897","https://openalex.org/W3010282398","https://openalex.org/W3047146639","https://openalex.org/W3166083285","https://openalex.org/W3175320643","https://openalex.org/W3198018396","https://openalex.org/W4291914546","https://openalex.org/W6643246197","https://openalex.org/W6678226628"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2351255607","https://openalex.org/W3116252618","https://openalex.org/W2750594676","https://openalex.org/W1677389418","https://openalex.org/W1554785010","https://openalex.org/W3178259560","https://openalex.org/W1618102658","https://openalex.org/W1968162070","https://openalex.org/W2098783284","https://openalex.org/W4400601541"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"radiometric":[1,34,78,282],"calibration":[2,8],"network":[3],"(RadCalNet)":[4],"comprises":[5],"four":[6],"pseudo-invariant":[7],"sites":[9,82],"(PICS):":[10],"Gobabeb,":[11],"Baotou,":[12],"Railroad":[13,215],"Valley":[14,216],"Playa,":[15],"and":[16,33,76,87,100,110,165,167,188,203,210,249,259],"La":[17,161,199],"Crau.":[18],"Due":[19],"to":[20,122,233],"its":[21],"site":[22,59],"stability":[23,277],"characteristics,":[24],"it":[25],"is":[26],"widely":[27],"used":[28,53,105,121],"for":[29,160,253,271,281],"sensor":[30,229],"performance":[31,230,283],"monitoring":[32,284],"calibration,":[35],"which":[36,61],"require":[37],"high":[38],"spatiotemporal":[39],"stability.":[40],"However,":[41],"some":[42],"studies":[43,52],"have":[44],"found":[45,130],"that":[46,131,224],"PICS":[47,255],"are":[48,231],"not":[49,170],"invariable.":[50],"Previous":[51],"top-of-atmosphere":[54],"(TOA)":[55],"data":[56,95,159,175],"without":[57],"verifying":[58],"data,":[60,86],"could":[62],"affect":[63],"the":[64,74,89,93,103,124,127,133,150,154,173,182,195,211,225,244,264,275],"accuracy":[65],"of":[66,80,126,157,198,214,246,285],"their":[67],"results.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"study,":[71],"we":[72],"analyzed":[73],"short-":[75],"long-term":[77],"trends":[79,90,134,152,184],"RadCalNet":[81,265],"using":[83,235,243],"bottom-of-atmosphere":[84],"(BOA)":[85],"verified":[88,242],"revealed":[91],"by":[92,206,219],"TOA":[94,137,174],"from":[96],"Landsat":[97],"7,":[98],"8,":[99],"Sentinel-2.":[101],"Besides":[102],"commonly":[104],"methods":[106],"(e.g.,":[107],"nonparametric":[108],"Mann\u2013Kendall":[109,112],"sequential":[111],"tests),":[113],"a":[114,177,267],"more":[115],"robust":[116],"Sen\u2019s":[117],"slope":[118],"method":[119],"was":[120,241],"estimate":[123],"magnitude":[125],"change.":[128],"We":[129],"(1)":[132],"based":[135,142],"on":[136,143],"reflectance":[138,145,151],"contrasted":[139],"with":[140],"those":[141],"BOA":[144,158],"in":[146,153,163,191,201,228],"certain":[147],"cases,":[148],"e.g.,":[149,194],"red":[155],"band":[156,197,213],"Crau":[162,200],"summer":[164],"autumn":[166],"Baotou":[168],"were":[169],"significant,":[171],"while":[172],"showed":[176,185],"significant":[178,187],"downward":[179],"trend;":[180],"(2)":[181],"temporal":[183,276],"statistically":[186],"abrupt":[189],"changes":[190,227],"all":[192],"PICS,":[193],"SWIR2":[196],"winter":[202],"spring":[204],"changed":[205,218],"1.803%":[207],"per":[208,221],"year,":[209,222],"SWIR1":[212],"Playa":[217],">0.282%":[220],"indicating":[223],"real":[226],"hard":[232],"detect":[234],"these":[236],"sites;":[237],"(3)":[238],"spatial":[239],"homogeneity":[240],"coefficient":[245],"variation":[247],"(CV)":[248],"Getis":[250],"statistic":[251],"(Gi*)":[252],"each":[254],"(CV":[256],"<":[257],"3%":[258],"Gi*":[260],">":[261],"0).":[262],"Overall,":[263],"remains":[266],"highly":[268],"reliable":[269],"tool":[270],"vicarious":[272],"calibration;":[273],"however,":[274],"should":[278],"be":[279],"noted":[280],"sensors.":[286]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}