{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377107727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102626","title":"Applicability Assessment of Passive Microwave LST Downscaling over Semi\u2013Homogeneous Desert Underlying Surface Based on Machine Learning","display_name":"Applicability Assessment of Passive Microwave LST Downscaling over Semi\u2013Homogeneous Desert Underlying Surface Based on Machine Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377107727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102626"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102626","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2626/pdf?version=1684399038","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2626/pdf?version=1684399038","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101734953","display_name":"Yongkang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7059-368X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongkang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830052, China","Field Scientific Experiment Base of Akedala Atmospheric Background Station, China Meteorological Administration, Altay 836500, China","Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7059-368X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830052, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Field Scientific Experiment Base of Akedala Atmospheric Background Station, China Meteorological Administration, Altay 836500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081960883","display_name":"Yongqiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8223-7615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongqiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830052, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830052, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109619264","display_name":"Wenjiang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1710-8301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjiang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1710-8301","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100318827","display_name":"Yang Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5763-2656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166427055","display_name":"Xinjiang Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qjh2h11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166427055"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Resaurces and Environment, Xinjiang Agricultural Unversity, Urumqi 830052, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5763-2656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resaurces and Environment, Xinjiang Agricultural Unversity, Urumqi 830052, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166427055"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022416208","display_name":"Jiao Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5851-7569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiao Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830052, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5851-7569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830052, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066749130","display_name":"Qing He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9375-1417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qing He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Field Scientific Experiment Base of Akedala Atmospheric Background Station, China Meteorological Administration, Altay 836500, China","Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Field Scientific Experiment Base of Akedala Atmospheric Background Station, China Meteorological Administration, Altay 836500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066749130"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":0.8287,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65048959,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"10","first_page":"2626","last_page":"2626"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downscaling","display_name":"Downscaling","score":0.9780646562576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneous","display_name":"Homogeneous","score":0.6887765526771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6452410221099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6288043856620789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.6273273229598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.5500272512435913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4300297796726227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.4203988313674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4183216392993927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.41764092445373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3423735499382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.32482975721359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.19349777698516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1780315637588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16447454690933228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12632253766059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.09753137826919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09595531225204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.05937734246253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.9780646562576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.6887765526771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6452410221099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6288043856620789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.6273273229598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.5500272512435913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4300297796726227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4203988313674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4183216392993927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.41764092445373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3423735499382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.32482975721359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.19349777698516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1780315637588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16447454690933228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12632253766059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.09753137826919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09595531225204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.05937734246253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102626","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2626/pdf?version=1684399038","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aab882068b264d50873f48e1a94c3b26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aab882068b264d50873f48e1a94c3b26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 10, p 2626 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/10/2626/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15102626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 10; Pages: 2626","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102626","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2626/pdf?version=1684399038","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335421","display_name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01a8ev928"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377107727.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W260271646","https://openalex.org/W1976652722","https://openalex.org/W1982651924","https://openalex.org/W1986233061","https://openalex.org/W1997058127","https://openalex.org/W2016044589","https://openalex.org/W2017294415","https://openalex.org/W2026337749","https://openalex.org/W2032013744","https://openalex.org/W2051893691","https://openalex.org/W2068921169","https://openalex.org/W2077133279","https://openalex.org/W2085281262","https://openalex.org/W2098289300","https://openalex.org/W2103541076","https://openalex.org/W2114235122","https://openalex.org/W2116310314","https://openalex.org/W2120340076","https://openalex.org/W2138094539","https://openalex.org/W2153929442","https://openalex.org/W2157363483","https://openalex.org/W2159200140","https://openalex.org/W2170107986","https://openalex.org/W2172174961","https://openalex.org/W2177202117","https://openalex.org/W2301692565","https://openalex.org/W2315350461","https://openalex.org/W2348669392","https://openalex.org/W2374876841","https://openalex.org/W2388264728","https://openalex.org/W2582059183","https://openalex.org/W2589306140","https://openalex.org/W2599868771","https://openalex.org/W2607336919","https://openalex.org/W2608088266","https://openalex.org/W2795714960","https://openalex.org/W2901380484","https://openalex.org/W2909222403","https://openalex.org/W2912020146","https://openalex.org/W2918246750","https://openalex.org/W2919424886","https://openalex.org/W2942137712","https://openalex.org/W2942851257","https://openalex.org/W2945225376","https://openalex.org/W2955846576","https://openalex.org/W2963939798","https://openalex.org/W2981048847","https://openalex.org/W2998944823","https://openalex.org/W3032512766","https://openalex.org/W3034933863","https://openalex.org/W3115112955","https://openalex.org/W3117308481","https://openalex.org/W3143014361","https://openalex.org/W3168544489","https://openalex.org/W3201498974","https://openalex.org/W3212858102","https://openalex.org/W4248083651","https://openalex.org/W4292136419","https://openalex.org/W4307844180","https://openalex.org/W4312082824","https://openalex.org/W4312203760","https://openalex.org/W4319072881","https://openalex.org/W4319459177","https://openalex.org/W4382897032","https://openalex.org/W6680579638","https://openalex.org/W6847477373"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394436593","https://openalex.org/W3013458534","https://openalex.org/W3010558748","https://openalex.org/W2526815458","https://openalex.org/W4220911053","https://openalex.org/W2380042710","https://openalex.org/W4377833746","https://openalex.org/W4387102043","https://openalex.org/W4382982879","https://openalex.org/W4311044000"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,116,139,208,231,249,286],"spatial":[1],"and":[2,71,94,107,122,149,169,179,188,233,244,255,275,277,282,294],"temporal":[3],"resolution":[4],"of":[5,27,37,49,55,68,75,87,92,125,135,142,151,218,259,263,273,280,303],"remote":[6],"sensing":[7],"products":[8],"in":[9,97],"land":[10],"surface":[11,67,129,146],"temperature":[12,258],"(LST)":[13],"studies":[14,45],"can":[15,100,295],"be":[16,101,192],"improved":[17],"using":[18,52,89],"the":[19,35,47,64,73,84,105,123,126,136,143,152,159,162,182,226,256,260,264,267,301],"downscaling":[20,50,80,211,289],"method.":[21],"This":[22],"is":[23,291],"a":[24,297],"crucial":[25],"area":[26],"research":[28],"as":[29],"it":[30],"provides":[31],"basic":[32],"data":[33,96,240],"for":[34,195,300],"study":[36],"climate":[38],"change.":[39],"However,":[40],"there":[41],"have":[42],"been":[43],"few":[44],"evaluating":[46],"applicability":[48,74],"methods":[51,81],"underlying":[53,66,128,145,184],"surfaces":[54],"varying":[56],"complexities.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59],"study,":[60],"we":[61],"focused":[62],"on":[63,83],"semi\u2013homogeneous":[65,127,144],"Gurbantunggut":[69],"Desert":[70],"evaluated":[72],"five":[76],"classical,":[77],"passive":[78,196],"microwave,":[79],"based":[82],"machine":[85],"learning":[86],"Catboost,":[88],"365":[90],"days":[91],"AMSR\u20132":[93,219],"MODIS":[95],"2019,":[98],"which":[99],"scanned":[102],"once":[103],"during":[104],"day":[106,232],"night.":[108],"Our":[109],"results":[110],"showed":[111],"four":[112,228],"main":[113],"points:":[114],"(1)":[115],"correlation":[117,140,163,250],"coefficients":[118,251],"between":[119,165,175,252],"feature":[120],"vectors":[121],"LST":[124,170,198,210,254,288],"were":[130,241,266],"clearly":[131],"different":[132],"from":[133],"those":[134],"surrounding":[137,153],"oases.":[138],"coefficient":[141,164],"was":[147,155,171,220],"high,":[148],"that":[150,174,223],"oases":[154],"low.":[156],"(2)":[157],"At":[158],"same":[160],"frequency,":[161],"vertically":[166],"polarized":[167,177],"BT":[168,178,216],"greater":[172],"than":[173,200,222],"horizontally":[176],"LST.":[180],"Considering":[181],"semi\u2013heterogeneous":[183],"surface,":[185],"23.8":[186],"GHz":[187,190,202],"36.5":[189],"may":[191],"more":[193],"suitable":[194],"microwave":[197],"retrieval":[199],"89":[201],"according":[203],"to":[204],"physical":[205],"mechanisms.":[206],"(3)":[207],"fine\u2013scale":[209],"accuracy":[212],"achieved":[213,224],"with":[214,225,238,269],"all":[215],"channels":[217],"higher":[221],"other":[227],"classical":[229],"models.":[230],"night":[234],"RMSE":[235,278],"values":[236,272,279],"verified":[237],"MYD11A1":[239],"2.82":[242],"K":[243],"1.38":[245],"K,":[246,284],"respectively.":[247,285],"(4)":[248],"downscaled":[253],"soil":[257,306],"top":[261],"layer":[262],"site":[265],"highest,":[268],"daytime\u2013nighttime":[270],"R2":[271],"0.978":[274],"0.970,":[276],"3.42":[281],"4.99":[283],"all\u2013channel\u2013based":[287],"method":[290],"very":[292],"effective":[293],"provide":[296],"theoretical":[298],"foundation":[299],"acquisition":[302],"all\u2013weather,":[304],"multi\u2013layer":[305],"temperature.":[307]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}