{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382626964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102554","title":"An HMM-DNN-Based System for the Detection and Classification of Low-Frequency Acoustic Signals from Baleen Whales, Earthquakes, and Air Guns off Chile","display_name":"An HMM-DNN-Based System for the Detection and Classification of Low-Frequency Acoustic Signals from Baleen Whales, Earthquakes, and Air Guns off Chile","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382626964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102554"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102554","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2554/pdf?version=1683961876","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2554/pdf?version=1683961876","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032978020","display_name":"Susannah J. Buchan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2180-1432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172787465","display_name":"University of Concepci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/0460jpj73","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172787465"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69737025","display_name":"University of Chile","ror":"https://ror.org/047gc3g35","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69737025"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Susannah J. Buchan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Oceanographic Research COPAS Sur-Austral and COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Casilla 160-C, Concepci\u00f3n 4070043, Chile","Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas \u00c1ridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1780000, Chile","Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070043, Chile","Speech and Processing Transmission Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Oceanographic Research COPAS Sur-Austral and COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Casilla 160-C, Concepci\u00f3n 4070043, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172787465"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas \u00c1ridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1780000, Chile","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070043, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172787465"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Speech and Processing Transmission Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69737025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Miguel Duran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172787465","display_name":"University of Concepci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/0460jpj73","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172787465"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Duran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070043, Chile"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070043, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172787465"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079454704","display_name":"Constanza Rojas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5551-8582"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Constanza Rojas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas \u00c1ridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1780000, Chile"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas \u00c1ridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1780000, Chile","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055118748","display_name":"Jorge Wuth","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69737025","display_name":"University of Chile","ror":"https://ror.org/047gc3g35","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69737025"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Wuth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Speech and Processing Transmission Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Speech and Processing Transmission Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69737025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007921391","display_name":"Rodrigo Mah\u00fa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6374-8003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69737025","display_name":"University of Chile","ror":"https://ror.org/047gc3g35","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69737025"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Mahu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Speech and Processing Transmission Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Speech and Processing Transmission Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69737025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017670837","display_name":"Kathleen M. Stafford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-5025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathleen M. Stafford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029824436","display_name":"N\u00e9stor Becerra Yoma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3052-4687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69737025","display_name":"University of Chile","ror":"https://ror.org/047gc3g35","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69737025"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nestor Becerra Yoma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Speech and Processing Transmission Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Speech and Processing Transmission Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69737025"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032978020"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172787465","https://openalex.org/I69737025"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.8637,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84046879,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"10","first_page":"2554","last_page":"2554"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9495000243186951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.8548060655593872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5928300619125366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5777913331985474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.49560630321502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4940629303455353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.4602282643318176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.8548060655593872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5928300619125366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5777913331985474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.49560630321502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4940629303455353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.4602282643318176}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102554","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2554/pdf?version=1683961876","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b35a3b8fdd8a4dae9e0c953f3f6bfa63","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b35a3b8fdd8a4dae9e0c953f3f6bfa63","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 10, p 2554 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/10/2554/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15102554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 10; Pages: 2554","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102554","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2554/pdf?version=1683961876","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1446797612","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FB210021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331146","funder_display_name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2794048763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AFB170006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334812","funder_display_name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2828672610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11190597","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334812","funder_display_name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4285210232","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11190597","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331146","funder_display_name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6235261723","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FB210021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334812","funder_display_name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G729225108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AFB170006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331146","funder_display_name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8775678100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1211946","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334812","funder_display_name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331146","display_name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334812","display_name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","ror":"https://ror.org/02ap3w078"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382626964.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W311929494","https://openalex.org/W1831150498","https://openalex.org/W1986389473","https://openalex.org/W1991133427","https://openalex.org/W1992111214","https://openalex.org/W2001115936","https://openalex.org/W2005967890","https://openalex.org/W2008006317","https://openalex.org/W2022057274","https://openalex.org/W2024490156","https://openalex.org/W2026059729","https://openalex.org/W2029504970","https://openalex.org/W2029837619","https://openalex.org/W2034465307","https://openalex.org/W2043741560","https://openalex.org/W2047717227","https://openalex.org/W2047995183","https://openalex.org/W2054201245","https://openalex.org/W2058287461","https://openalex.org/W2060635524","https://openalex.org/W2073311850","https://openalex.org/W2074485105","https://openalex.org/W2079341913","https://openalex.org/W2086699924","https://openalex.org/W2089973461","https://openalex.org/W2092357676","https://openalex.org/W2097918447","https://openalex.org/W2100760303","https://openalex.org/W2103705520","https://openalex.org/W2106554350","https://openalex.org/W2108967476","https://openalex.org/W2119341451","https://openalex.org/W2123415014","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2127506757","https://openalex.org/W2138287362","https://openalex.org/W2148154194","https://openalex.org/W2148171623","https://openalex.org/W2150072607","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2163702117","https://openalex.org/W2167329658","https://openalex.org/W2171024145","https://openalex.org/W2295119550","https://openalex.org/W2326919086","https://openalex.org/W2328118340","https://openalex.org/W2402146185","https://openalex.org/W2412233631","https://openalex.org/W2490638252","https://openalex.org/W2537684657","https://openalex.org/W2554940140","https://openalex.org/W2559311890","https://openalex.org/W2593177139","https://openalex.org/W2729190387","https://openalex.org/W2754508014","https://openalex.org/W2759134929","https://openalex.org/W2792643794","https://openalex.org/W2803187616","https://openalex.org/W2873555434","https://openalex.org/W2889414713","https://openalex.org/W2891282662","https://openalex.org/W2904718062","https://openalex.org/W2910980169","https://openalex.org/W2936755573","https://openalex.org/W2940430262","https://openalex.org/W2951179963","https://openalex.org/W2963963943","https://openalex.org/W2964539095","https://openalex.org/W2971951156","https://openalex.org/W2982582575","https://openalex.org/W2989691494","https://openalex.org/W2991345082","https://openalex.org/W2999168291","https://openalex.org/W2999187172","https://openalex.org/W3003958649","https://openalex.org/W3014768920","https://openalex.org/W3022759461","https://openalex.org/W3035400806","https://openalex.org/W3121771139","https://openalex.org/W3158167879","https://openalex.org/W3159710053","https://openalex.org/W3165202566","https://openalex.org/W3165352660","https://openalex.org/W3169970709","https://openalex.org/W3183398559","https://openalex.org/W3185881592","https://openalex.org/W3206991928","https://openalex.org/W3215023674","https://openalex.org/W4205130185","https://openalex.org/W4220660663","https://openalex.org/W4220896006","https://openalex.org/W4224303702","https://openalex.org/W4244345692","https://openalex.org/W4248917750","https://openalex.org/W6631362777","https://openalex.org/W6779445397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2136763963","https://openalex.org/W2109705048","https://openalex.org/W2940588515","https://openalex.org/W2156856390","https://openalex.org/W1909151225","https://openalex.org/W3184123547","https://openalex.org/W2160030256","https://openalex.org/W1921169094","https://openalex.org/W1521297879","https://openalex.org/W2160698598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Marine":[0],"passive":[1],"acoustic":[2],"monitoring":[3],"can":[4],"be":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,166],"study":[8],"biological,":[9,24],"geophysical,":[10,23],"and":[11,25,34,60,69,95,112,120,161,182,199,212,274,279,284],"anthropogenic":[12,26,70],"phenomena":[13],"in":[14,270],"the":[15,30,58,79,83],"ocean.":[16],"The":[17,141,190],"wide":[18],"range":[19],"of":[20,36,62,102,171,253,264],"characteristics":[21],"from":[22,78,108],"sounds":[27,38],"sources":[28],"makes":[29],"simultaneous":[31],"automatic":[32],"detection":[33,59],"classification":[35,61],"these":[37],"a":[39,45,52,135,250],"significant":[40],"challenge.":[41],"Here,":[42],"we":[43],"propose":[44],"single":[46],"Hidden":[47],"Markov":[48],"Model-based":[49],"system":[50,192,235],"with":[51,157,202,221],"Deep":[53],"Neural":[54],"Network":[55],"(HMM-DNN)":[56],"for":[57,82,196,238,245,262],"low-frequency":[63],"biological":[64],"(baleen":[65],"whales),":[66],"geophysical":[67],"(earthquakes),":[68],"(air":[71],"guns)":[72],"sounds.":[73],"Acoustic":[74],"data":[75,104],"were":[76,243,261],"obtained":[77,133],"Preparatory":[80],"Commission":[81],"Comprehensive":[84],"Nuclear-Test-Ban":[85],"Treaty":[86],"Organization":[87],"station":[88],"off":[89],"Juan":[90],"Fernandez,":[91],"Chile":[92],"(station":[93],"HA03)":[94],"annotated":[96],"by":[97,149],"an":[98,130,168],"analyst":[99],"(498":[100],"h":[101],"audio":[103,125],"containing":[105],"30,873":[106],"events":[107],"19":[109],"different":[110],"classes),":[111],"then":[113],"divided":[114],"into":[115],"training":[116,143,254],"(60%),":[117],"testing":[118],"(20%),":[119],"tuning":[121],"(20%)":[122],"subsets.":[123],"Each":[124],"frame":[126],"was":[127,145,164,187],"represented":[128],"as":[129,153],"observation":[131],"vector":[132],"through":[134],"filterbank-based":[136],"spectral":[137,271],"feature":[138],"extraction":[139],"procedure.":[140],"HMM-DNN":[142,191,234],"procedure":[144],"carried":[146],"out":[147],"discriminatively":[148],"setting":[150],"HMM":[151,162,172],"states":[152],"targets.":[154],"A":[155],"model":[156],"Gaussian":[158],"Mixtures":[159],"Models":[160],"(HMM-GMM)":[163],"trained":[165],"obtain":[167],"initial":[169],"set":[170],"target":[173],"states.":[174],"Feature":[175],"transformation":[176],"based":[177],"on":[178],"Linear":[179,185],"Discriminant":[180],"Analysis":[181],"Maximum":[183],"Likelihood":[184],"Transform":[186],"also":[188,230],"incorporated.":[189],"displayed":[193],"good":[194],"capacity":[195],"correctly":[197],"detecting":[198],"classifying":[200],"events,":[201],"high":[203,207,213,251],"event-level":[204],"accuracy":[205,219],"(84.46%),":[206,211],"weighted":[208,214],"average":[209,215],"sensitivity":[210],"precision":[216],"(89.54%).":[217],"Event-level":[218,226],"increased":[220],"higher":[222],"event":[223],"signal-to-noise":[224],"ratios.":[225],"metrics":[227],"per":[228],"class":[229],"showed":[231],"that":[232,247,266],"our":[233],"generalized":[236],"well":[237],"most":[239],"classes":[240,246,263],"but":[241],"performances":[242],"best":[244],"either":[248],"had":[249,267],"number":[252],"exemplars":[255],"(e.g.,":[256],"generally":[257],"above":[258],"50)":[259],"and/or":[260],"signals":[265],"low":[268],"variability":[269],"features,":[272],"duration,":[273],"energy":[275],"levels.":[276],"Fin":[277],"whale":[278,282],"Antarctic":[280],"blue":[281],"song":[283],"air":[285],"guns":[286],"performed":[287],"particularly":[288],"well.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}