{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4368404732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092387","title":"Quantification of Microtopography in Natural Ecosystems Using Close-Range Remote Sensing","display_name":"Quantification of Microtopography in Natural Ecosystems Using Close-Range Remote Sensing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4368404732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092387"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092387","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2387/pdf?version=1683193169","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2387/pdf?version=1683193169","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039843761","display_name":"Tarini Shukla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3965-7224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tarini Shukla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Geographic Information Science (CAGIS), University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Geographic Information Science (CAGIS), University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060609967","display_name":"Wenwu Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7870-177X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenwu Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Geographic Information Science (CAGIS), University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA","Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA","School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Geographic Information Science (CAGIS), University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072087878","display_name":"Carl Trettin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0279-7191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313416372","display_name":"US Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carl C. Trettin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Forested Wetlands Research, USDA Forest Service, Cordesville, SC 29434, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Forested Wetlands Research, USDA Forest Service, Cordesville, SC 29434, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075844125","display_name":"Gang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7469-3650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA","Laboratory for Remote Sensing and Environmental Change (LRSEC), Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Remote Sensing and Environmental Change (LRSEC), Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061314915","display_name":"Shen-En Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5948-1238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111655459","display_name":"Craig Allan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Allan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039843761"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.7168,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82176396,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"2387","last_page":"2387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7854846715927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.6925123929977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4617825150489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4183993935585022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.25933337211608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.12158039212226868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11846771836280823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7854846715927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.6925123929977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4617825150489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4183993935585022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.25933337211608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.12158039212226868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11846771836280823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092387","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2387/pdf?version=1683193169","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c93ec893cb23413f9a04996bb43fe525","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c93ec893cb23413f9a04996bb43fe525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 9, p 2387 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/9/2387/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 9; Pages: 2387","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092387","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2387/pdf?version=1683193169","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4368404732.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":132,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W340817130","https://openalex.org/W1448818511","https://openalex.org/W1668564613","https://openalex.org/W1900347226","https://openalex.org/W1964872927","https://openalex.org/W1969017329","https://openalex.org/W1969756501","https://openalex.org/W1974448175","https://openalex.org/W1977664008","https://openalex.org/W1982621544","https://openalex.org/W1989615647","https://openalex.org/W1990077509","https://openalex.org/W1991214486","https://openalex.org/W1996475816","https://openalex.org/W1997005542","https://openalex.org/W1998736319","https://openalex.org/W2015032635","https://openalex.org/W2017625705","https://openalex.org/W2024852751","https://openalex.org/W2024870724","https://openalex.org/W2030364282","https://openalex.org/W2033854240","https://openalex.org/W2036964420","https://openalex.org/W2055033732","https://openalex.org/W2059472991","https://openalex.org/W2060731539","https://openalex.org/W2070636041","https://openalex.org/W2085108482","https://openalex.org/W2087536601","https://openalex.org/W2089252562","https://openalex.org/W2093267972","https://openalex.org/W2096357669","https://openalex.org/W2104977717","https://openalex.org/W2106595207","https://openalex.org/W2115981223","https://openalex.org/W2137765126","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2141115800","https://openalex.org/W2149538818","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2152445902","https://openalex.org/W2152864241","https://openalex.org/W2165279413","https://openalex.org/W2172737008","https://openalex.org/W2173197864","https://openalex.org/W2239261344","https://openalex.org/W2253749023","https://openalex.org/W2280935049","https://openalex.org/W2323574704","https://openalex.org/W2337619010","https://openalex.org/W2412981004","https://openalex.org/W2436494909","https://openalex.org/W2470403126","https://openalex.org/W2471657663","https://openalex.org/W2472391669","https://openalex.org/W2472552807","https://openalex.org/W2479955877","https://openalex.org/W2519335881","https://openalex.org/W2529007538","https://openalex.org/W2530063950","https://openalex.org/W2575780845","https://openalex.org/W2581388530","https://openalex.org/W2611036261","https://openalex.org/W2621394109","https://openalex.org/W2622568878","https://openalex.org/W2735168135","https://openalex.org/W2749577835","https://openalex.org/W2763228859","https://openalex.org/W2763287719","https://openalex.org/W2766406726","https://openalex.org/W2767667856","https://openalex.org/W2769813138","https://openalex.org/W2775857825","https://openalex.org/W2781676599","https://openalex.org/W2782253325","https://openalex.org/W2792778139","https://openalex.org/W2792948879","https://openalex.org/W2793987589","https://openalex.org/W2800307355","https://openalex.org/W2801153663","https://openalex.org/W2886957430","https://openalex.org/W2888545430","https://openalex.org/W2888676086","https://openalex.org/W2891996069","https://openalex.org/W2900300361","https://openalex.org/W2901440742","https://openalex.org/W2903848002","https://openalex.org/W2904476046","https://openalex.org/W2914349379","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2921414615","https://openalex.org/W2941936241","https://openalex.org/W2946779950","https://openalex.org/W2955437746","https://openalex.org/W2963183623","https://openalex.org/W2970077477","https://openalex.org/W2995280105","https://openalex.org/W2998441227","https://openalex.org/W2999429559","https://openalex.org/W3005137653","https://openalex.org/W3007345480","https://openalex.org/W3008593987","https://openalex.org/W3010616371","https://openalex.org/W3011132888","https://openalex.org/W3014436412","https://openalex.org/W3044499696","https://openalex.org/W3064869410","https://openalex.org/W3081052822","https://openalex.org/W3082634114","https://openalex.org/W3095663940","https://openalex.org/W3097121762","https://openalex.org/W3107288001","https://openalex.org/W3112241857","https://openalex.org/W3113211070","https://openalex.org/W3116109509","https://openalex.org/W3124500999","https://openalex.org/W3146352874","https://openalex.org/W3161952518","https://openalex.org/W3177635038","https://openalex.org/W3200827251","https://openalex.org/W3202557918","https://openalex.org/W3209824251","https://openalex.org/W3214604493","https://openalex.org/W4200108305","https://openalex.org/W4220879415","https://openalex.org/W4282824865","https://openalex.org/W4310015333","https://openalex.org/W4313649200","https://openalex.org/W6656633235","https://openalex.org/W6665267709","https://openalex.org/W6746285412","https://openalex.org/W6775815301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3177199397","https://openalex.org/W1482120113","https://openalex.org/W2135595816","https://openalex.org/W2373184633","https://openalex.org/W2374014792","https://openalex.org/W2394196665","https://openalex.org/W2097492507","https://openalex.org/W2119746558","https://openalex.org/W2594822107","https://openalex.org/W2142054979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Microtopography":[0],"plays":[1],"an":[2,194],"important":[3],"role":[4,263],"in":[5,62,73,79,123,145,188,264,280,335,345],"various":[6],"ecological,":[7],"hydrologic,":[8],"and":[9,32,70,119,181,243,257,260,275,296,317,352,360,376,383],"biogeochemical":[10,266],"processes.":[11],"However,":[12],"quantifying":[13],"the":[14,23,60,63,71,76,110,129,136,159,198,206,237,326,361],"characteristics":[15,311],"of":[16,56,65,88,112,152,183,200,208,282,300,379],"microtopography":[17,77,118,144,279,380],"represents":[18],"a":[19,94,210,223,374],"data-intensive":[20],"challenge.":[21],"Over":[22],"last":[24],"decade,":[25],"high-resolution":[26,211,224],"or":[27,50,319],"close-range":[28,66,101,113,184,230],"remote":[29,67,102,114,185,231],"sensing":[30,68,103,115,186,232,331],"data":[31,169,381],"techniques":[33,187],"have":[34,164],"emerged":[35],"as":[36,248,269,291,313,350],"powerful":[37],"tools":[38],"to":[39,48,92,116,127,157,167,175,196,219,239,324],"quantify":[40],"microtopography.":[41,221,301],"Traditional":[42],"field":[43,338],"surveys":[44],"were":[45],"mostly":[46],"limited":[47,54],"transects":[49],"small":[51],"plots,":[52],"using":[53,100,209,229,321],"sets":[55],"observations":[57],"but":[58],"with":[59,193,337],"decrease":[61],"cost":[64],"technologies":[69],"increase":[72],"computing":[74],"performance,":[75],"even":[78],"forested":[80],"environments":[81],"can":[82,226,287,305],"be":[83,227,288,306],"assessed.":[84],"The":[85,302],"main":[86,130],"objective":[87],"this":[89,371],"article":[90,372],"is":[91,106,155],"provide":[93,340],"systematic":[95],"framework":[96],"for":[97,343,385],"microtopographic":[98,121,303,328],"studies":[99],"technologies.":[104,203],"This":[105],"achieved":[107],"by":[108,320],"reviewing":[109],"application":[111],"capture":[117],"develop":[120],"models":[122],"natural":[124,146,386],"ecosystems.":[125],"Specifically,":[126],"achieve":[128],"objectives,":[131],"we":[132],"focus":[133],"on":[134,309],"addressing":[135],"following":[137],"questions:":[138],"(1)":[139],"What":[140,149,162],"terrain":[141,153,245,251],"attributes":[142,154],"represent":[143,158],"ecosystems?":[147],"(2)":[148],"spatial":[150,217],"resolution":[151],"needed":[156],"microtopography?":[160,177],"(3)":[161],"methodologies":[163],"been":[165],"adopted":[166],"collect":[168],"at":[170],"selected":[171],"resolutions?":[172],"(4)":[173],"How":[174],"assess":[176,261,278],"Current":[178],"research,":[179],"challenges,":[180],"applicability":[182],"different":[189],"terrains":[190],"are":[191],"analyzed":[192,307],"eye":[195],"enhancing":[197],"use":[199],"these":[201],"new":[202,341],"We":[204,234],"highlight":[205],"importance":[207],"DEM":[212,225],"(less":[213],"than":[214],"1":[215],"m2":[216],"resolution)":[218],"delineate":[220],"Such":[222],"generated":[228],"techniques.":[233],"also":[235],"illustrate":[236],"need":[238],"move":[240],"beyond":[241],"elevation":[242],"include":[244],"attributes,":[246],"such":[247,268,290,312,349],"slope,":[249],"aspect,":[250],"wetness":[252],"index,":[253],"ruggedness,":[254],"flow":[255,258],"accumulation,":[256],"path,":[259],"their":[262],"influencing":[265],"processes":[267],"greenhouse":[270,357],"gas":[271,358],"emissions,":[272,359],"species":[273,353],"distribution,":[274,354],"biodiversity.":[276],"To":[277,368],"terms":[281],"physical":[283,310],"characteristics,":[284],"several":[285],"methods":[286],"adopted,":[289],"threshold-based":[292],"classification,":[293],"mechanistically-based":[294],"delineation,":[295],"machine":[297],"learning-based":[298],"delineation":[299],"features":[304],"based":[308],"area,":[314],"volume,":[315],"depth,":[316],"perimeter,":[318],"landscape":[322],"metrics":[323],"compare":[325],"classified":[327],"features.":[329],"Remote":[330],"techniques,":[332],"when":[333],"used":[334],"conjunction":[336],"experiments/data,":[339],"avenues":[342],"researchers":[344],"understanding":[346],"ecological":[347],"functions":[348],"biodiversity":[351],"hydrological":[355],"processes,":[356],"environmental":[362],"factors":[363],"that":[364],"influence":[365],"those":[366],"parameters.":[367],"our":[369],"knowledge,":[370],"provides":[373],"comprehensive":[375],"detailed":[377],"review":[378],"acquisition":[382],"quantification":[384],"ecosystem":[387],"studies.":[388]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
