{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367598995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092349","title":"Uncertainty Modelling of Laser Scanning Point Clouds Using Machine-Learning Methods","display_name":"Uncertainty Modelling of Laser Scanning Point Clouds Using Machine-Learning Methods","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367598995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092349","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2349/pdf?version=1683174100","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2349/pdf?version=1683174100","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032950402","display_name":"Jan Hartmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6329-2061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jan Hartmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geodetic Institute, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Nienburger Str. 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6329-2061","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geodetic Institute, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Nienburger Str. 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063876414","display_name":"Hamza Alkhatib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4480-1067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamza Alkhatib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geodetic Institute, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Nienburger Str. 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4480-1067","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geodetic Institute, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, Nienburger Str. 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032950402"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":0.6803,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60839823,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"2349","last_page":"2349"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.8126890659332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.6842361688613892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6532213091850281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5789366960525513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5456564426422119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-tracker","display_name":"Laser tracker","score":0.48516279458999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.4788384437561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.43399718403816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation-monitoring","display_name":"Deformation monitoring","score":0.42410755157470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4185643792152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.4150264263153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scanner","display_name":"Scanner","score":0.41318947076797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3221420645713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.27622488141059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","score":0.22253146767616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1866549849510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16660508513450623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14006850123405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.1064920723438263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1041933000087738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.8126890659332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.6842361688613892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6532213091850281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5789366960525513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5456564426422119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43210895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2447583","display_name":"Laser tracker","level":3,"score":0.48516279458999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.4788384437561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.43399718403816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136428324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838414","display_name":"Deformation monitoring","level":3,"score":0.42410755157470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4185643792152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.4150264263153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779751349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474480","display_name":"Scanner","level":2,"score":0.41318947076797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3221420645713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.27622488141059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.22253146767616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1866549849510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16660508513450623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14006850123405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1064920723438263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1041933000087738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092349","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2349/pdf?version=1683174100","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:40dc26df9c124fb784b34663730ae1ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/40dc26df9c124fb784b34663730ae1ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 9, p 2349 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/9/2349/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 9; Pages: 2349","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repo.uni-hannover.de:123456789/14245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repo.uni-hannover.de/handle/123456789/14245","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401575","display_name":"Institutional Repository of Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover (Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","host_organization_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"doc-type:Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repo.uni-hannover.de:123456789/14245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repo.uni-hannover.de/handle/123456789/14245","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401575","display_name":"Institutional Repository of Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover (Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","host_organization_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing 15 (2023), Nr. 9","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"doi:10.15488/14131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15488/14131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052956","display_name":"Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092349","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2349/pdf?version=1683174100","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G487751384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16KN086442","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367598995.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367598995.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1853729124","https://openalex.org/W1964148445","https://openalex.org/W2012777860","https://openalex.org/W2025102651","https://openalex.org/W2043575561","https://openalex.org/W2050755052","https://openalex.org/W2098593096","https://openalex.org/W2113207845","https://openalex.org/W2321396789","https://openalex.org/W2467615243","https://openalex.org/W2480580516","https://openalex.org/W2584582287","https://openalex.org/W2601023727","https://openalex.org/W2750086906","https://openalex.org/W2891681717","https://openalex.org/W2924245947","https://openalex.org/W2924881791","https://openalex.org/W2946180130","https://openalex.org/W3000450041","https://openalex.org/W3049410629","https://openalex.org/W3114698727","https://openalex.org/W4233525041","https://openalex.org/W4362703612","https://openalex.org/W4391197160","https://openalex.org/W6641050512","https://openalex.org/W6653695195","https://openalex.org/W6656717777","https://openalex.org/W6700839452"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088131065","https://openalex.org/W2005998065","https://openalex.org/W897367340","https://openalex.org/W2001220299","https://openalex.org/W4323518558","https://openalex.org/W3196715007","https://openalex.org/W2286704396","https://openalex.org/W2366440988","https://openalex.org/W2358582870","https://openalex.org/W4252521546"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Terrestrial":[0],"laser":[1,44,66,173],"scanners":[2],"(TLSs)":[3],"are":[4,98,117,130],"a":[5,49,65,72,93,156],"standard":[6],"method":[7],"for":[8],"3D":[9,32],"point":[10,33,60],"cloud":[11,34,61],"acquisition":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,77,146,165,170,182],"their":[15],"high":[16],"data":[17,97,107],"rates":[18],"and":[19,71,114,127],"resolutions.":[20],"In":[21],"certain":[22],"applications,":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25,48],"deformation":[26],"analysis,":[27],"modelling":[28],"uncertainties":[29,80],"in":[30,43,86],"the":[31,40,79,82,148,152,167,172,184],"is":[35,62,140,144,180],"crucial.":[36],"This":[37],"study":[38],"models":[39],"systematic":[41],"deviations":[42,150],"scan":[45,174,179],"distance":[46,153,168],"measurements":[47],"function":[50],"of":[51,81,96,106,121,151,158,160],"various":[52,101],"influencing":[53,102],"factors":[54],"using":[55,64],"machine-learning":[56,123],"methods.":[57],"A":[58],"reference":[59],"recorded":[63],"tracker":[67],"(Leica":[68,75],"AT":[69],"960)":[70],"handheld":[73],"scanner":[74],"LAS-XL)":[76],"investigate":[78],"Z+F":[83],"Imager":[84],"5016":[85],"laboratory":[87],"conditions.":[88],"From":[89],"49":[90],"TLS":[91,178],"scans,":[92],"wide":[94],"range":[95],"obtained,":[99],"covering":[100],"factors.":[103],"The":[104,119],"processes":[105],"preparation,":[108],"feature":[109],"engineering,":[110],"validation,":[111],"regression,":[112],"prediction,":[113],"result":[115],"analysis":[116],"presented.":[118],"results":[120],"traditional":[122],"methods":[124],"(multiple":[125],"linear":[126],"nonlinear":[128],"regression)":[129],"compared":[131],"with":[132,155],"eXtreme":[133],"gradient":[134],"boosted":[135],"trees":[136],"(XGBoost).":[137],"Thereby,":[138],"it":[139,143,163],"demonstrated":[141],"that":[142],"possible":[145,164],"model":[147],"systemic":[149],"measurement":[154,169],"coefficient":[157],"determination":[159],"0.73,":[161],"making":[162],"calibrate":[166],"improve":[171],"measurement.":[175],"An":[176],"independent":[177],"used":[181],"demonstrate":[183],"calibration":[185],"results.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2023-05-02T00:00:00"}
