{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367298854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092322","title":"Detecting Cassava Plants under Different Field Conditions Using UAV-Based RGB Images and Deep Learning Models","display_name":"Detecting Cassava Plants under Different Field Conditions Using UAV-Based RGB Images and Deep Learning Models","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367298854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092322"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092322","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2322/pdf?version=1682661998","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2322/pdf?version=1682661998","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041301484","display_name":"Emmanuel C. Nnadozie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0965-0937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11892038","display_name":"University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/01sn1yx84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE","NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel C. Nnadozie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410002, Nigeria","Department of Mechatronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410002, Nigeria","Precision Agriculture Lab, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410002, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410002, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Precision Agriculture Lab, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005586968","display_name":"Ogechukwu N. Iloanusi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6306-9713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11892038","display_name":"University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/01sn1yx84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ogechukwu N. Iloanusi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410002, Nigeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410002, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035923764","display_name":"Ozoemena Anthony Ani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-9249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11892038","display_name":"University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/01sn1yx84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozoemena A. Ani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410002, Nigeria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410002, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017009332","display_name":"Kang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0686-6783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Precision Agriculture Lab, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Precision Agriculture Lab, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017009332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2746,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2961},"fwci":7.817,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96803056,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"2322","last_page":"2322"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12894","display_name":"Date Palm Research Studies","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12305","display_name":"Cassava research and cyanide","score":0.9398999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7168320417404175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6217986345291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5709706544876099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48752281069755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4839196801185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4761000871658325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4717869460582733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.45546138286590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.45168858766555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37837857007980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.30634891986846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1276196837425232}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7168320417404175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6217986345291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5709706544876099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48752281069755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4839196801185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4761000871658325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4717869460582733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.45546138286590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.45168858766555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37837857007980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.30634891986846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1276196837425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092322","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2322/pdf?version=1682661998","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1c0c3bfe102d4ebd87226f951875a68d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1c0c3bfe102d4ebd87226f951875a68d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 9, p 2322 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/9/2322/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 9; Pages: 2322","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092322","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2322/pdf?version=1682661998","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1114908691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TETFUND","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325463","funder_display_name":"Tertiary Education Trust Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6111641989","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"/VOL.1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325463","funder_display_name":"Tertiary Education Trust Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309385","display_name":"Texas Emerging Technology Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/02yyzvz79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322771","display_name":"Secret\u00e1rio de Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, Governo do Estado de Parana","ror":"https://ror.org/05nyhnc56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325463","display_name":"Tertiary Education Trust Fund","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367298854.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1649885719","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1977733006","https://openalex.org/W2301229394","https://openalex.org/W2549917525","https://openalex.org/W2557728737","https://openalex.org/W2586062600","https://openalex.org/W2624387057","https://openalex.org/W2808403302","https://openalex.org/W2899268189","https://openalex.org/W2934229382","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2964553588","https://openalex.org/W2973126312","https://openalex.org/W3010345596","https://openalex.org/W3010677011","https://openalex.org/W3026300872","https://openalex.org/W3082499117","https://openalex.org/W3095268321","https://openalex.org/W3111826891","https://openalex.org/W3130825665","https://openalex.org/W3157386596","https://openalex.org/W3157895500","https://openalex.org/W3164316160","https://openalex.org/W3165807380","https://openalex.org/W3176291700","https://openalex.org/W3199045827","https://openalex.org/W3210741927","https://openalex.org/W4281983142","https://openalex.org/W4288460555","https://openalex.org/W4295854770","https://openalex.org/W4301398579","https://openalex.org/W4303968676","https://openalex.org/W4307704630","https://openalex.org/W4320729685","https://openalex.org/W4362732987"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W2949096641","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W4320729701","https://openalex.org/W4254103348","https://openalex.org/W3210378990","https://openalex.org/W3034745255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"significant":[1],"number":[2],"of":[3,19,43,61,72,100,104,154,160,173,192],"object":[4,46],"detection":[5,24,47,181,193,195],"models":[6,21,63,82],"have":[7],"been":[8],"researched":[9],"for":[10,22,28,54,132,169,188],"use":[11,106],"in":[12,93,108,126],"plant":[13,180],"detection.":[14,56],"However,":[15],"deployment":[16],"and":[17,49,52,78,197],"evaluation":[18],"the":[20,59,62,97,101,116,122,139,152,186],"real-time":[23,98],"as":[25,27,166],"well":[26],"crop":[29,135],"counting":[30],"under":[31,148],"varying":[32],"real":[33],"field":[34,111],"conditions":[35],"is":[36],"lacking.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39,161],"work,":[40],"two":[41],"versions":[42],"a":[44,105,109,155,167,171,189],"state-of-the-art":[45],"model\u2014YOLOv5n":[48],"YOLOv5s\u2014were":[50],"deployed":[51,84],"evaluated":[53],"cassava":[55,128,143],"We":[57],"compared":[58,137],"performance":[60,99],"when":[64],"trained":[65],"with":[66],"different":[67,73],"input":[68],"image":[69],"resolutions,":[70],"images":[71],"growth":[74],"stages,":[75],"weed":[76,149],"interference,":[77],"illumination":[79],"conditions.":[80],"The":[81,158],"were":[83],"on":[85],"an":[86,177],"NVIDIA":[87],"Jetson":[88],"AGX":[89],"Orin":[90],"embedded":[91],"GPU":[92],"order":[94],"to":[95,138,165],"observe":[96],"models.":[102],"Results":[103],"case":[107],"farm":[110],"showed":[112],"that":[113],"YOLOv5s":[114,130,145],"yielded":[115],"best":[117,123],"accuracy":[118],"whereas":[119],"YOLOv5n":[120,140],"had":[121],"inference":[124],"speed":[125],"detecting":[127],"plants.":[129,144],"allowed":[131],"more":[133],"precise":[134],"counting,":[136],"which":[141,174],"mis-detected":[142],"performed":[146],"better":[147],"interference":[150],"at":[151],"cost":[153],"low":[156],"speed.":[157],"findings":[159],"work":[162],"may":[163],"serve":[164],"reference":[168],"making":[170],"choice":[172],"model":[175],"fits":[176],"intended":[178],"real-life":[179],"application,":[182],"taking":[183],"into":[184],"consideration":[185],"need":[187],"trade-off":[190],"between":[191],"speed,":[194],"accuracy,":[196],"memory":[198],"usage.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2023-04-29T00:00:00"}
