{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367054372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092275","title":"Comparative Study on Remote Sensing Methods for Forest Height Mapping in Complex Mountainous Environments","display_name":"Comparative Study on Remote Sensing Methods for Forest Height Mapping in Complex Mountainous Environments","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367054372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092275","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2275/pdf?version=1682434656","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2275/pdf?version=1682434656","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065961959","display_name":"Xiang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4150-7372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120825670","display_name":"Yunnan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00sc9n023","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120825670"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120825670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101634667","display_name":"Feng Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6983-1270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120825670","display_name":"Yunnan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00sc9n023","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120825670"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120825670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100632256","display_name":"Jinliang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7202-646X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120825670","display_name":"Yunnan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00sc9n023","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120825670"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinliang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120825670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027338457","display_name":"Bangjin Yi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131885","display_name":"Yunnan Institute of Environmental Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03krx0543","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131885"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bangjin Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yunnan Institute of Geological Sciences, Kunming 650051, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yunnan Institute of Geological Sciences, Kunming 650051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131885"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050562549","display_name":"Yinli Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0136-9577"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinli Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kunming Surveying and Mapping Management Center, Kunming 650500, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kunming Surveying and Mapping Management Center, Kunming 650500, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101634667"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120825670"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.193,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91126699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"2275","last_page":"2275"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6745809316635132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6335008144378662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6027881503105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5864849090576172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.5457595586776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-canopy","display_name":"Tree canopy","score":0.5020415782928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.42231452465057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.42161229252815247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.31589096784591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2321244776248932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17907586693763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.16460692882537842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15522748231887817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.08884608745574951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6745809316635132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6335008144378662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6027881503105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5864849090576172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.5457595586776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39807119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134228","display_name":"Tree canopy","level":3,"score":0.5020415782928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.42231452465057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.42161229252815247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31589096784591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2321244776248932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17907586693763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.16460692882537842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15522748231887817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.08884608745574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092275","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2275/pdf?version=1682434656","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dccecdf76ee8433994b153720b2d1164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dccecdf76ee8433994b153720b2d1164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 9, p 2275 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/9/2275/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 9; Pages: 2275","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092275","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2275/pdf?version=1682434656","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3100200777","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202001AU070060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5533653400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202301AT070173","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6885658916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41961060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8828041798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202235","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367054372.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526370767","https://openalex.org/W1549903317","https://openalex.org/W1972288805","https://openalex.org/W1972793421","https://openalex.org/W1981263865","https://openalex.org/W2017843322","https://openalex.org/W2044609898","https://openalex.org/W2058962516","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2083187693","https://openalex.org/W2084557967","https://openalex.org/W2097492507","https://openalex.org/W2098247895","https://openalex.org/W2101678239","https://openalex.org/W2102675444","https://openalex.org/W2111947859","https://openalex.org/W2122400352","https://openalex.org/W2145058632","https://openalex.org/W2153762352","https://openalex.org/W2167787089","https://openalex.org/W2217052705","https://openalex.org/W2255422974","https://openalex.org/W2341030570","https://openalex.org/W2568967893","https://openalex.org/W2750853837","https://openalex.org/W2913164318","https://openalex.org/W2963059903","https://openalex.org/W2989983865","https://openalex.org/W3016260808","https://openalex.org/W3020698913","https://openalex.org/W3025784245","https://openalex.org/W3033650189","https://openalex.org/W3087771777","https://openalex.org/W3089377980","https://openalex.org/W3119315141","https://openalex.org/W3123232779","https://openalex.org/W3158191908","https://openalex.org/W3163215109","https://openalex.org/W3172537462","https://openalex.org/W3178577652","https://openalex.org/W3179206166","https://openalex.org/W3201816365","https://openalex.org/W3209176285","https://openalex.org/W4200035802","https://openalex.org/W4247593495","https://openalex.org/W4283032749","https://openalex.org/W4289080003","https://openalex.org/W4293250591","https://openalex.org/W4306398684","https://openalex.org/W4309456089","https://openalex.org/W4318586069","https://openalex.org/W4385180717","https://openalex.org/W6636950212","https://openalex.org/W6765687597","https://openalex.org/W6778849655","https://openalex.org/W6784831589","https://openalex.org/W6790208529","https://openalex.org/W6795362736","https://openalex.org/W6841007515"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045211767","https://openalex.org/W2056219210","https://openalex.org/W2383716249","https://openalex.org/W23916517","https://openalex.org/W4386506415","https://openalex.org/W2497950047","https://openalex.org/W1998329507","https://openalex.org/W2048488252","https://openalex.org/W2053112303","https://openalex.org/W3004500891"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Forest":[0],"canopy":[1,22,31,202,216,257,330],"height":[2,23,203,258,331],"is":[3,41,164,210,219,227],"one":[4],"of":[5,35,74,85,103,106,138,156,169,177,180,215,223,228,256,260,286,316,318,329],"the":[6,33,64,71,104,111,136,150,153,157,167,178,185,213,232,239,244,253,261,276,280,301,307,314,327],"critical":[7],"parameters":[8],"for":[9,143],"carbon":[10],"sink":[11],"estimation.":[12],"Although":[13],"spaceborne":[14],"lidar":[15],"data":[16,40,91,259],"can":[17],"obtain":[18,29],"relatively":[19,248],"high":[20],"precision":[21,250],"on":[24,51,63],"discrete":[25,46],"light":[26],"spots,":[27],"to":[28,43,47,69,99,133,135,212,231,326],"continuous":[30],"height,":[32,217],"integration":[34],"optical":[36],"remote":[37,89],"sensing":[38,90],"image":[39],"required":[42],"achieve":[44],"\u201cfrom":[45],"continuous\u201d":[48],"extrapolation":[49],"based":[50],"different":[52],"prediction":[53,141],"models":[54,77,108],"(parametric":[55],"model":[56,160,187],"and":[57,67,87,94,124,172,194,235,271,290,320],"non-parametric":[58,186],"model).":[59],"This":[60],"study":[61,281],"focuses":[62],"Shangri-La":[65],"area":[66,168],"seeks":[68],"assess":[70],"practical":[72],"applicability":[73],"two":[75],"predictive":[76],"under":[78,332],"complex":[79,333],"mountainous":[80,116,144],"conditions,":[81],"using":[82],"a":[83,198,221],"combination":[84],"active":[86],"passive":[88],"from":[92,313],"ICESat-2":[93],"Sentinel-2.":[95],"The":[96,147],"research":[97],"aims":[98],"enhance":[100],"our":[101],"understanding":[102],"effectiveness":[105],"these":[107],"in":[109,166,184,201,279],"addressing":[110],"unique":[112],"challenges":[113],"presented":[114],"by":[115,251,306],"terrain,":[117],"including":[118],"rugged":[119],"topography,":[120],"variable":[121,183],"vegetation":[122],"cover,":[123],"extreme":[125],"weather":[126],"conditions.":[127,335],"Through":[128],"this":[129],"work,":[130],"we":[131],"hope":[132],"contribute":[134],"development":[137],"improved":[139],"geospatial":[140],"algorithms":[142],"regions":[145],"worldwide.":[146],"results":[148,304],"show":[149],"following:":[151],"(1)":[152],"fitting":[154],"effect":[155],"selected":[158],"parametric":[159],"(empirical":[161],"function":[162,263,309],"regression)":[163,190],"poor":[165,302],"Quercus":[170,233],"acutissima":[171,234],"Pinus":[173,236],"yunnanensis;":[174,237],"(2)":[175],"evaluation":[176],"importance":[179],"each":[181],"explanatory":[182],"(random":[188],"forest":[189,208,241,266,273],"shows":[191],"that":[192],"topographic":[193,319,334],"meteorological":[195,321],"factors":[196],"play":[197],"dominant":[199],"role":[200],"inversion;":[204],"(3)":[205],"when":[206],"random":[207,240,265,272],"regression":[209,242,267,274],"applied":[211],"inversion":[214,254,328],"there":[218],"often":[220],"problem":[222],"error":[224],"accumulation,":[225],"which":[226],"particular":[229],"concern":[230],"(4)":[238],"with":[243,268,275],"optimal":[245,277],"features":[246,278],"has":[247],"higher":[249],"comparing":[252],"accuracy":[255],"empirical":[262,308],"regression,":[264,310],"all":[269],"features,":[270],"area,":[282],"i.e.,":[283],"R2":[284],"(coefficient":[285],"determination)":[287],"=":[288,296],"0.865":[289],"RMSE":[291],"(root":[292],"mean":[293],"square":[294],"error)":[295],"3.184":[297],"m.":[298],"In":[299],"contrast,":[300],"estimation":[303],"reflected":[305],"mainly":[311],"resulting":[312],"lack":[315],"consideration":[317],"factors,":[322],"are":[323],"not":[324],"applicable":[325]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
