{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366990230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092255","title":"A Reference-Free Method for the Thematic Accuracy Estimation of Global Land Cover Products Based on the Triple Collocation Approach","display_name":"A Reference-Free Method for the Thematic Accuracy Estimation of Global Land Cover Products Based on the Triple Collocation Approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366990230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092255","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2255/pdf?version=1682347792","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2255/pdf?version=1682347792","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028526834","display_name":"Pengfei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-7234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012567","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","ror":"https://ror.org/03swgqh13","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China","School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-7234","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108116567","display_name":"Huabing Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012567","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","ror":"https://ror.org/03swgqh13","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huabing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China","School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100644664","display_name":"Wenzhong Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3886-7027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhong Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart Cities Research Institute, Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Cities Research Institute, Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100618297","display_name":"Rui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0705-6739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012567","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","ror":"https://ror.org/03swgqh13","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China","School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100644664"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":0.3236,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5591444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"2255","last_page":"2255"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7834428548812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6305896043777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-map","display_name":"Thematic map","score":0.5873260498046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4951702654361725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.48073887825012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.4442419409751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3000004291534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.2450811266899109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.11536362767219543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07857421040534973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7834428548812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6305896043777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93692415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502030","display_name":"Thematic map","level":2,"score":0.5873260498046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4951702654361725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.48073887825012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.4442419409751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3000004291534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.2450811266899109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.11536362767219543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07857421040534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092255","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2255/pdf?version=1682347792","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/105395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/105395","pdf_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/105395/1/remotesensing-15-02255.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac5e713da925459c9236724b4a89b0c1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ac5e713da925459c9236724b4a89b0c1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 9, p 2255 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/9/2255/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 9; Pages: 2255","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092255","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2255/pdf?version=1682347792","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G547659739","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A1515011174","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6475303995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A1515011174","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7110784499","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42101351","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366990230.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366990230.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W264085230","https://openalex.org/W1941377230","https://openalex.org/W1964146466","https://openalex.org/W1969645208","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1980385468","https://openalex.org/W1987616999","https://openalex.org/W1997534896","https://openalex.org/W2001510610","https://openalex.org/W2006244011","https://openalex.org/W2006929658","https://openalex.org/W2009735186","https://openalex.org/W2011500029","https://openalex.org/W2012950829","https://openalex.org/W2013360540","https://openalex.org/W2014909204","https://openalex.org/W2047593398","https://openalex.org/W2054512836","https://openalex.org/W2072895218","https://openalex.org/W2111743232","https://openalex.org/W2118869136","https://openalex.org/W2127559745","https://openalex.org/W2146930334","https://openalex.org/W2165932235","https://openalex.org/W2170804038","https://openalex.org/W2290682182","https://openalex.org/W2296719434","https://openalex.org/W2408088859","https://openalex.org/W2548506941","https://openalex.org/W2553544826","https://openalex.org/W2607525600","https://openalex.org/W2616379711","https://openalex.org/W2619820913","https://openalex.org/W2625380067","https://openalex.org/W2743860013","https://openalex.org/W2746134917","https://openalex.org/W2761477104","https://openalex.org/W2800822478","https://openalex.org/W2801238510","https://openalex.org/W2802971269","https://openalex.org/W2807121776","https://openalex.org/W2852120870","https://openalex.org/W2901950222","https://openalex.org/W2912999238","https://openalex.org/W2944432191","https://openalex.org/W2953011380","https://openalex.org/W2990323597","https://openalex.org/W2999585470","https://openalex.org/W3002608077","https://openalex.org/W3088030171","https://openalex.org/W3090679658","https://openalex.org/W3094306770","https://openalex.org/W3137446047","https://openalex.org/W3145752794","https://openalex.org/W3154285017","https://openalex.org/W3198679453","https://openalex.org/W4200561054","https://openalex.org/W4205730942","https://openalex.org/W4281619551","https://openalex.org/W4307703616","https://openalex.org/W6703102871","https://openalex.org/W6736776952","https://openalex.org/W6805849787"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2291311298","https://openalex.org/W2378021067","https://openalex.org/W2347703439","https://openalex.org/W2371027582","https://openalex.org/W2365305234","https://openalex.org/W2803457939","https://openalex.org/W1537861260","https://openalex.org/W2546748626","https://openalex.org/W2132503437","https://openalex.org/W2020734820"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"land":[1,208,279,302],"cover":[2,303],"(GLC)":[3],"data":[4,46,59,132,291],"are":[5,60,110],"an":[6],"indispensable":[7],"resource":[8],"for":[9,26,71,154,288,300],"understanding":[10],"the":[11,17,34,41,65,118,127,145,185,191,204,228,237,252,264,270,277,286,297],"relationship":[12],"between":[13],"human":[14],"activities":[15],"and":[16,30,122,161,176,236,281,295],"natural":[18],"environment.":[19],"Estimating":[20],"their":[21,108],"classification":[22,86,105,142,164,189],"accuracy":[23,53,87,101,128,205,275],"is":[24,81,95,152,166,196],"significant":[25],"studying":[27],"environmental":[28],"change":[29],"sustainable":[31],"development.":[32],"With":[33],"rapid":[35],"emergence":[36],"of":[37,43,67,103,120,130,206,230,259,272],"various":[38],"GLC":[39,72,131,147,195,274,293],"products,":[40],"lack":[42],"high-quality":[44],"reference":[45,58,135,290],"poses":[47],"a":[48,149,162,256],"severe":[49],"risk":[50],"to":[51,84,138,168,183],"traditional":[52],"estimation":[54,102,129,254],"methods,":[55],"in":[56,88,126,194,292],"which":[57],"always":[61],"required.":[62],"Thus,":[63],"meeting":[64],"needs":[66],"large-scale,":[68],"fast":[69],"evaluation":[70],"products":[73],"becomes":[74],"challenging.":[75],"The":[76],"triple":[77],"collocation":[78],"approach":[79],"(TCCA)":[80],"originally":[82],"applied":[83],"assess":[85],"earthquake":[89],"damage":[90],"mapping":[91],"when":[92,107,202],"ground":[93,134],"truth":[94],"unavailable.":[96],"TCCA":[97,121],"can":[98,249],"provide":[99],"unbiased":[100],"three":[104],"systems":[106,143],"errors":[109],"conditionally":[111],"independent.":[112],"In":[113],"this":[114],"study,":[115],"we":[116,226],"extend":[117],"idea":[119],"test":[123],"its":[124],"performance":[125,229],"without":[133],"data.":[136,304],"Firstly,":[137],"generate":[139],"two":[140,170],"additional":[141],"besides":[144],"original":[146],"data,":[148,284],"k-order":[150],"neighbourhood":[151],"defined":[153],"each":[155,207],"assessment":[156,294,298],"unit":[157],"(i.e.,":[158],"geographic":[159],"tiles),":[160],"local":[163,174,247],"strategy":[165],"implemented":[167],"train":[169],"classifiers":[171,248],"based":[172],"on":[173,233],"samples":[175],"features":[177,220],"from":[178,187,222],"remote":[179,218,282],"sensing":[180,219,283],"images.":[181],"Secondly,":[182],"reduce":[184],"uncertainty":[186],"complex":[188],"schemes,":[190],"multi-class":[192],"problem":[193],"transformed":[197],"into":[198],"multiple":[199],"binary-class":[200],"problems":[201],"estimating":[203,273],"class.":[209],"Building":[210],"upon":[211],"over":[212],"15":[213],"million":[214],"sample":[215,243],"points":[216,244],"with":[217,255],"retrieved":[221],"Google":[223],"Earth":[224],"Engine,":[225],"demonstrate":[227],"our":[231],"method":[232],"WorldCover":[234],"2020,":[235],"experiment":[238],"shows":[239],"that":[240],"screening":[241],"reliable":[242],"during":[245],"training":[246],"significantly":[250],"improve":[251],"overall":[253],"relative":[257],"error":[258],"less":[260],"than":[261],"4%":[262],"at":[263],"continent":[265],"level.":[266],"This":[267],"study":[268],"proves":[269],"feasibility":[271],"using":[276],"existing":[278],"information":[280],"reducing":[285],"demand":[287],"costly":[289],"enriching":[296],"approaches":[299],"large-scale":[301]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}