{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366989000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092249","title":"Analysis of the Characteristics and Causes of Land Degradation and Development in Coastal China (1982\u20132015)","display_name":"Analysis of the Characteristics and Causes of Land Degradation and Development in Coastal China (1982\u20132015)","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366989000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092249"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092249","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2249/pdf?version=1682337509","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2249/pdf?version=1682337509","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087896405","display_name":"Ya Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0965-4230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ya Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0965-4230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048292232","display_name":"Guiping Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-3537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guiping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100754732","display_name":"Yong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2570-3987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092032","display_name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00m4czf33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092032"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Catchment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2570-3987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Catchment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092032"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101939583","display_name":"Jing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5839-3578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385631","display_name":"Yanping Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9080-0965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100385631"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":0.8337,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67674508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"2249","last_page":"2249"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10779","display_name":"Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13203","display_name":"Environmental Changes in China","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.723299503326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"Urbanization","score":0.6341628432273865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6310822367668152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.5468882322311401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impervious-surface","display_name":"Impervious surface","score":0.5238897204399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.5155834555625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetland","display_name":"Wetland","score":0.5036394000053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grassland","display_name":"Grassland","score":0.47693032026290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shrub","display_name":"Shrub","score":0.42634376883506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-resource-management","display_name":"Environmental resource management","score":0.35921621322631836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.31592845916748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.15693283081054688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.723299503326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.6341628432273865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6310822367668152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.5468882322311401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2668921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434713","display_name":"Impervious surface","level":2,"score":0.5238897204399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.5155834555625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.5036394000053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775835988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006733","display_name":"Grassland","level":2,"score":0.47693032026290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778091200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42295","display_name":"Shrub","level":2,"score":0.42634376883506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.35921621322631836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.31592845916748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.15693283081054688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092249","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2249/pdf?version=1682337509","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6353ce32183145e0ad11110e361f00ec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6353ce32183145e0ad11110e361f00ec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 9, p 2249 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/9/2249/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 9; Pages: 2249","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092249","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2249/pdf?version=1682337509","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366989000.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W335816977","https://openalex.org/W352119078","https://openalex.org/W600679901","https://openalex.org/W992803088","https://openalex.org/W1778514820","https://openalex.org/W1844674322","https://openalex.org/W1970611563","https://openalex.org/W1974428179","https://openalex.org/W1987561669","https://openalex.org/W1991938588","https://openalex.org/W2000257837","https://openalex.org/W2008716535","https://openalex.org/W2018764772","https://openalex.org/W2027652188","https://openalex.org/W2028350838","https://openalex.org/W2053395211","https://openalex.org/W2057387551","https://openalex.org/W2076516158","https://openalex.org/W2089492974","https://openalex.org/W2098020412","https://openalex.org/W2112429606","https://openalex.org/W2121958618","https://openalex.org/W2149138019","https://openalex.org/W2154644254","https://openalex.org/W2155658053","https://openalex.org/W2173515365","https://openalex.org/W2228574081","https://openalex.org/W2268093633","https://openalex.org/W2338755413","https://openalex.org/W2354074310","https://openalex.org/W2467375211","https://openalex.org/W2481379305","https://openalex.org/W2527245559","https://openalex.org/W2547300207","https://openalex.org/W2557972103","https://openalex.org/W2593095239","https://openalex.org/W2603028033","https://openalex.org/W2605635925","https://openalex.org/W2811284901","https://openalex.org/W2864012982","https://openalex.org/W2909265650","https://openalex.org/W2911995594","https://openalex.org/W2914512071","https://openalex.org/W2915787262","https://openalex.org/W2946369946","https://openalex.org/W2955316307","https://openalex.org/W2965689387","https://openalex.org/W2966852221","https://openalex.org/W2969351098","https://openalex.org/W2971174779","https://openalex.org/W2981033157","https://openalex.org/W2995816217","https://openalex.org/W2998547196","https://openalex.org/W3000107713","https://openalex.org/W3024325364","https://openalex.org/W3035216846","https://openalex.org/W3081374149","https://openalex.org/W3091590701","https://openalex.org/W3102967890","https://openalex.org/W3113703861","https://openalex.org/W3121463968","https://openalex.org/W3125385902","https://openalex.org/W3128186341","https://openalex.org/W3130461578","https://openalex.org/W3155861887","https://openalex.org/W3162794312","https://openalex.org/W3171918594","https://openalex.org/W3188524028","https://openalex.org/W3198676901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2364341326","https://openalex.org/W2757433404","https://openalex.org/W4254235682","https://openalex.org/W2054563345","https://openalex.org/W2520989432","https://openalex.org/W2159637219","https://openalex.org/W3132993209","https://openalex.org/W2908289967","https://openalex.org/W2271813916","https://openalex.org/W2917419900"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"degradation":[1],"and":[2,20,42,55,60,95,164,195,210],"development":[3,81],"(LDD)":[4],"is":[5],"one":[6],"of":[7,23,53,88,100,105,150,170,181,191],"the":[8,18,24,35,50,83,89,109,120,135,139,151,171,182,192,217],"important":[9],"ecological":[10],"issues":[11],"in":[12,27,73,79,111,141,143,160,199,216],"coastal":[13,28,71,200],"China.":[14],"This":[15],"study":[16,46,84],"analyzed":[17],"temporal":[19],"spatial":[21],"changes":[22],"LDD":[25,36,59,112,142,193],"process":[26,194],"China":[29,74],"from":[30,39],"1982":[31],"to":[32,58,138,156],"2015":[33],"using":[34],"index":[37],"constructed":[38],"normalized":[40],"NDVI":[41],"GPP":[43],"data.":[44],"The":[45,66,103],"also":[47],"quantitatively":[48],"evaluated":[49],"relative":[51],"contributions":[52],"climate":[54,106],"human":[56,117],"factors":[57,198],"explored":[61],"their":[62,125],"impact":[63,104,126],"on":[64,108],"LDD.":[65],"study\u2019s":[67],"findings":[68,187],"indicate":[69],"that":[70],"regions":[72,90],"experienced":[75],"a":[76,92,157,167],"marked":[77],"increase":[78],"land":[80,101,213],"during":[82],"period,":[85],"with":[86,124,166],"62.47%":[87],"displaying":[91],"growth":[93],"trend":[94],"only":[96],"7.03%":[97],"exhibiting":[98],"signs":[99],"degradation.":[102],"change":[107,110,140],"processes":[113],"was":[114],"limited,":[115],"while":[116],"activities":[118,133],"were":[119,134],"main":[121],"driving":[122,197],"force,":[123],"becoming":[127],"increasingly":[128],"apparent":[129],"over":[130,148],"time.":[131],"Human":[132],"dominant":[136],"contributor":[137],"most":[144],"regions,":[145],"accounting":[146,178],"for":[147,179,205],"60%":[149],"change.":[152],"Fast":[153],"urbanization":[154],"led":[155],"notable":[158],"decrease":[159],"cropland,":[161],"wetland,":[162],"shrub,":[163],"grassland,":[165],"substantial":[168],"proportion":[169],"affected":[172],"cropland":[173,184],"transformed":[174],"into":[175],"impervious":[176],"surfaces,":[177],"91.31%":[180],"total":[183],"conversion.":[185],"These":[186],"deepen":[188],"our":[189],"understanding":[190],"its":[196],"China,":[201],"providing":[202],"valuable":[203],"insights":[204],"developing":[206],"effective":[207],"policy":[208],"interventions":[209],"implementing":[211],"successful":[212],"restoration":[214],"plans":[215],"region.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}