{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366775604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082183","title":"KaRIn Noise Reduction Using a Convolutional Neural Network for the SWOT Ocean Products","display_name":"KaRIn Noise Reduction Using a Convolutional Neural Network for the SWOT Ocean Products","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366775604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082183","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2183/pdf?version=1681985671","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2183/pdf?version=1681985671","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086655848","display_name":"Ana\u00eblle Tr\u00e9boutte","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095365","display_name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/00q7mnz48","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I4210095365"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ana\u00eblle Tr\u00e9boutte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), 31520 Ramonville Saint-Agne, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), 31520 Ramonville Saint-Agne, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095365"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005423993","display_name":"Elisa Carli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8515-1606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112630","display_name":"Laboratoire d\u2019\u00c9tudes en G\u00e9ophysique et Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/02chvqy57","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1327553481","https://openalex.org/I154202486","https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210112630","https://openalex.org/I4210113730","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210166444","https://openalex.org/I4405257220"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Carli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Etudes en G\u00e9ophysique et Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiale (LEGOS), 31400 Toulouse, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Etudes en G\u00e9ophysique et Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiale (LEGOS), 31400 Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112630"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090958422","display_name":"Maxime Ballarotta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4101-8704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095365","display_name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/00q7mnz48","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I4210095365"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxime Ballarotta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), 31520 Ramonville Saint-Agne, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), 31520 Ramonville Saint-Agne, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095365"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069472443","display_name":"Benjamin Carpentier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095365","display_name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/00q7mnz48","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I4210095365"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Carpentier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), 31520 Ramonville Saint-Agne, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), 31520 Ramonville Saint-Agne, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095365"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039054609","display_name":"Yannice Faug\u00e8re","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3764-1429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095365","display_name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/00q7mnz48","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I4210095365"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yannice Faug\u00e8re","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), 31520 Ramonville Saint-Agne, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), 31520 Ramonville Saint-Agne, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095365"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060199060","display_name":"G\u00e9rald Dibarboure","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3644-2495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799535048","display_name":"Centre National d'\u00c9tudes Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1h0y33","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00e9rald Dibarboure","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 31400 Toulouse, France","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 31400 Toulouse, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 31400 Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 31400 Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086655848"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095365"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":10.954,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99019295,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"8","first_page":"2183","last_page":"2183"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.586641252040863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5782837271690369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.44637948274612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.41919535398483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.41770750284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.4105623960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3809399902820587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3465207815170288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.34226858615875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2832300662994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.13606098294258118}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.586641252040863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5782837271690369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.44637948274612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.41919535398483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41770750284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.4105623960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3809399902820587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3465207815170288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34226858615875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2832300662994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.13606098294258118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082183","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2183/pdf?version=1681985671","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04501384v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04501384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922466","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, 2023, 15 (8), pp.2183. &#x27E8;10.3390/rs15082183&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c7490db238374726a3180b3914408a5c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c7490db238374726a3180b3914408a5c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 8, p 2183 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/8/2183/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 8; Pages: 2183","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082183","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2183/pdf?version=1681985671","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8585314329","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DUACS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321519","funder_display_name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321519","display_name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1h0y33"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366775604.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994241858","https://openalex.org/W2018938767","https://openalex.org/W2106996314","https://openalex.org/W2119619258","https://openalex.org/W2151268634","https://openalex.org/W2169218106","https://openalex.org/W2177103651","https://openalex.org/W2334078926","https://openalex.org/W2499316477","https://openalex.org/W2508457857","https://openalex.org/W2513822397","https://openalex.org/W2562637781","https://openalex.org/W2613456556","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2621042270","https://openalex.org/W2621235041","https://openalex.org/W2757678917","https://openalex.org/W2765741717","https://openalex.org/W2789876780","https://openalex.org/W2793995363","https://openalex.org/W2796869708","https://openalex.org/W2910169751","https://openalex.org/W2920319684","https://openalex.org/W2946292188","https://openalex.org/W2949676527","https://openalex.org/W2956015785","https://openalex.org/W2963459241","https://openalex.org/W2982220394","https://openalex.org/W2991135507","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W3007437572","https://openalex.org/W3017245509","https://openalex.org/W3047011367","https://openalex.org/W3091865411","https://openalex.org/W3168997536","https://openalex.org/W3169893408","https://openalex.org/W3190223961","https://openalex.org/W4226307179","https://openalex.org/W4283163963","https://openalex.org/W4311011786","https://openalex.org/W6681096077","https://openalex.org/W6745729647"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978572805","https://openalex.org/W2383807498","https://openalex.org/W1997992934","https://openalex.org/W1987225439","https://openalex.org/W4238188170","https://openalex.org/W2125114371","https://openalex.org/W2019977573","https://openalex.org/W2149980199","https://openalex.org/W3125766170","https://openalex.org/W2040641410"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,79,177],"SWOT":[1,45,116],"(Surface":[2],"Water":[3],"Ocean":[4],"Topography)":[5],"mission":[6],"will":[7],"provide":[8],"high-resolution":[9],"and":[10,55,67,87,90,114,151,171,183],"two-dimensional":[11],"measurements":[12],"of":[13,33,44,51,69,147,174,209,217],"sea":[14],"surface":[15],"height":[16],"(SSH).":[17],"However,":[18],"despite":[19],"its":[20,56],"unprecedented":[21],"precision,":[22],"SWOT\u2019s":[23],"Ka-band":[24],"Radar":[25],"Interferometer":[26],"(KaRIn)":[27],"still":[28],"exhibits":[29,180],"a":[30,70,75,84,107,110],"substantial":[31],"amount":[32],"random":[34,39],"noise.":[35],"In":[36,58],"turn,":[37],"the":[38,42,48,52,64,96,115,132,169,172,175,203,210,215],"noise":[40,216],"limits":[41,68],"ability":[43],"to":[46,103,158,167,213],"capture":[47],"smallest":[49],"scales":[50],"ocean\u2019s":[53],"topography":[54],"derivatives.":[57],"that":[59,202],"context,":[60],"this":[61],"paper":[62],"explores":[63],"feasibility,":[65],"strengths":[66],"noise-reduction":[71],"algorithm":[72,118],"based":[73,82],"on":[74,83],"convolutional":[76],"neural":[77],"network.":[78],"model":[80,126],"is":[81,88,196,206],"U-Net":[85,125,178,204],"architecture":[86,205],"trained":[89],"tested":[91,164],"with":[92,188],"simulated":[93],"data":[94,219],"from":[95,220],"North":[97],"Atlantic.":[98],"Our":[99,124],"results":[100,129],"are":[101],"compared":[102],"classical":[104],"smoothing":[105],"methods:":[106],"median":[108],"filter,":[109],"Lanczos":[111],"kernel":[112],"smoother":[113],"de-noising":[117],"developed":[119],"by":[120,145],"Gomez-Navarro":[121],"et":[122],"al.":[123],"yields":[127],"better":[128],"for":[130],"all":[131],"evaluation":[133],"metrics:":[134],"2":[135],"mm":[136],"root":[137],"mean":[138],"square":[139],"error,":[140],"sub-millimetric":[141],"bias,":[142],"variance":[143],"reduction":[144],"factor":[146],"44":[148],"(16":[149],"dB)":[150],"an":[152],"accurate":[153],"power":[154],"spectral":[155],"density":[156],"down":[157],"10\u201320":[159],"km":[160],"wavelengths.":[161],"We":[162],"also":[163],"various":[165],"scenarios":[166],"infer":[168],"robustness":[170,193],"stability":[173],"U-Net.":[176],"always":[179],"good":[181],"performance":[182],"can":[184],"be":[185],"further":[186],"improved":[187],"retraining":[189],"if":[190],"necessary.":[191],"This":[192],"in":[194],"simulation":[195],"very":[197],"encouraging:":[198],"our":[199],"findings":[200],"show":[201],"likely":[207],"one":[208],"best":[211],"candidates":[212],"reduce":[214],"flight":[218],"KaRIn.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
