{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366420014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082144","title":"Extraction of Forest Structural Parameters by the Comparison of Structure from Motion (SfM) and Backpack Laser Scanning (BLS) Point Clouds","display_name":"Extraction of Forest Structural Parameters by the Comparison of Structure from Motion (SfM) and Backpack Laser Scanning (BLS) Point Clouds","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366420014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082144"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082144","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2144/pdf?version=1681888526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2144/pdf?version=1681888526","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000102113","display_name":"Zhuangzhi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7760-0942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuangzhi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031929340","display_name":"Xin Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5517-277X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083073196","display_name":"Lin Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5195-0477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lin Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083073196"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.6344,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81115597,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"8","first_page":"2144","last_page":"2144"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.869840145111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7114328145980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6116583347320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.594933032989502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structure-from-motion","display_name":"Structure from motion","score":0.5814077854156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5532125234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.45963531732559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dbscan","display_name":"DBSCAN","score":0.4394003450870514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crown","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","score":0.4204578399658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3641873002052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29477018117904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.20540452003479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.17053967714309692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.1653614342212677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1381029188632965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.869840145111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7114328145980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6116583347320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.594933032989502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146159030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625099","display_name":"Structure from motion","level":3,"score":0.5814077854156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5532125234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.45963531732559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46576248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1114630","display_name":"DBSCAN","level":5,"score":0.4394003450870514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778400979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143720","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","level":2,"score":0.4204578399658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3641873002052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29477018117904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20540452003479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.17053967714309692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.1653614342212677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1381029188632965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94641424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172845","display_name":"Correlation clustering","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104047586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033439","display_name":"Canopy clustering algorithm","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10161872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557891","display_name":"Motion estimation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082144","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2144/pdf?version=1681888526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c2181b5cff3948838a73412c7b35b480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c2181b5cff3948838a73412c7b35b480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 8, p 2144 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/8/2144/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 8; Pages: 2144","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082144","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2144/pdf?version=1681888526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366420014.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964264130","https://openalex.org/W1987576771","https://openalex.org/W1996705598","https://openalex.org/W2015974437","https://openalex.org/W2019549520","https://openalex.org/W2022686119","https://openalex.org/W2025083247","https://openalex.org/W2030222098","https://openalex.org/W2030991072","https://openalex.org/W2044554891","https://openalex.org/W2050194978","https://openalex.org/W2057424186","https://openalex.org/W2064636932","https://openalex.org/W2098919237","https://openalex.org/W2129201358","https://openalex.org/W2146751368","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2152810518","https://openalex.org/W2157827862","https://openalex.org/W2207083369","https://openalex.org/W2294137362","https://openalex.org/W2296685749","https://openalex.org/W2345973107","https://openalex.org/W2395696537","https://openalex.org/W2466494297","https://openalex.org/W2496005047","https://openalex.org/W2511290955","https://openalex.org/W2531030341","https://openalex.org/W2558383552","https://openalex.org/W2566879700","https://openalex.org/W2604937504","https://openalex.org/W2605779321","https://openalex.org/W2612949972","https://openalex.org/W2620760558","https://openalex.org/W2735806138","https://openalex.org/W2791056138","https://openalex.org/W2804625175","https://openalex.org/W2808883217","https://openalex.org/W2810411589","https://openalex.org/W2811093923","https://openalex.org/W2887631307","https://openalex.org/W2899043065","https://openalex.org/W2901262395","https://openalex.org/W2905827903","https://openalex.org/W2913638934","https://openalex.org/W2928782015","https://openalex.org/W2941082889","https://openalex.org/W2957974561","https://openalex.org/W3024401514","https://openalex.org/W6666487912","https://openalex.org/W6738333622","https://openalex.org/W6752141700"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088131065","https://openalex.org/W2005998065","https://openalex.org/W2001220299","https://openalex.org/W4323518558","https://openalex.org/W3196715007","https://openalex.org/W2286704396","https://openalex.org/W2366440988","https://openalex.org/W2358582870","https://openalex.org/W4293059742","https://openalex.org/W4324133428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Forest":[0],"structural":[1,104,130,265],"parameters":[2,105,266],"are":[3],"key":[4],"indicators":[5],"for":[6,111],"forest":[7,16,30,53,103,129,264],"growth":[8],"assessment,":[9],"and":[10,19,43,49,59,70,85,96,106,115,120,134,149,157,161,185,195,199,237,270,276,281,296,316,323,329,337,358,370,373,378,390],"play":[11],"a":[12],"critical":[13],"role":[14],"in":[15,137,341,411],"resources":[17],"monitoring":[18],"ecosystem":[20],"management.":[21],"Terrestrial":[22],"laser":[23,61],"scanning":[24,62],"(TLS)":[25],"can":[26,45,406],"obtain":[27],"three-dimensional":[28],"(3D)":[29],"structures":[31],"with":[32,91,108,127,233,239,279,343,397],"ultra-high":[33],"precision":[34],"without":[35],"destruction,":[36],"whereas":[37],"some":[38],"shortcomings":[39],"such":[40],"as":[41],"non-portability":[42],"cost-consuming":[44],"limit":[46],"the":[47,66,82,86,92,102,109,113,138,174,178,190,197,208,214,227,240,255,260,289,306,317,325,335,344,374,398],"quick":[48],"broad":[50],"acquisition":[51],"of":[52,68,77,117,164,181,201,231,243,263,310,327,356,376],"structure.":[54],"Structure":[55],"from":[56],"motion":[57],"(SfM)":[58],"backpack":[60],"(BLS)":[63],"technology":[64],"have":[65],"advantages":[67],"low-cost":[69,118],"high-portability":[71],"while":[72],"obtaining":[73],"3D":[74,155],"structure":[75],"information":[76],"forests.":[78],"In":[79],"this":[80],"study,":[81],"high-overlapped":[83],"images":[84],"BLS":[87,122,148,271,297,318,338,384],"point":[88,93,123,159,166,179,211,223,272,298,312,319,339,365,385],"cloud,":[89],"combined":[90,238],"cloud":[94,167,224,313,320,366,386],"registration":[95],"individual":[97,182,202,244,256,290],"tree":[98,183,203,209,245,257,291,330,359,379],"segmentation":[99,292,307],"to":[100,153,253],"extract":[101],"compared":[107,278],"TLS":[110,150,282],"assessing":[112],"accuracy":[114,262,308,326],"efficiency":[116],"SfM":[119,156,269,295,311,336,364,404],"portable":[121,145],"clouds.":[124],"Three":[125],"plots":[126],"different":[128,218],"complexity":[131],"(coniferous,":[132],"broadleaf":[133],"mixed":[135],"plot)":[136],"northern":[139],"subtropical":[140],"forests":[141],"were":[142,151,169,187,204,220,274,347,367,387],"selected.":[143],"Firstly,":[144],"photography":[146],"camera,":[147],"used":[152],"acquire":[154],"LiDAR":[158],"clouds,":[160],"spatial":[162,229],"co-registration":[163],"different-sourced":[165],"datasets":[168],"carried":[170],"out":[171],"based":[172,206,267,293,333,362,382],"on":[173,207,268,294,334,363,383],"understory":[175],"markers.":[176],"Secondly,":[177],"clouds":[180,273,299,340],"trunk":[184,215],"crown":[186,210],"segmented":[188],"by":[189,222],"comparative":[191],"shortest-path":[192],"algorithm":[193],"(CSP),":[194],"then":[196],"height":[198,331,360,380],"position":[200],"extracted":[205],"cloud.":[212],"Thirdly,":[213],"diameter":[216],"at":[217],"heights":[219],"calculated":[221],"slices":[225],"using":[226,249],"density-based":[228],"clustering":[230],"applications":[232],"noise":[234],"(DBSCAN)":[235],"algorithm,":[236],"stem":[241],"curve":[242],"which":[246,305],"was":[247,314,321],"constructed":[248],"four":[250],"Taper":[251],"equations":[252],"estimate":[254],"volume.":[258],"Finally,":[259],"extraction":[261,332,361,381],"verified":[275],"comprehensively":[277],"field-measured":[280,345],"data.":[283],"The":[284,350],"results":[285],"showed":[286],"that:":[287],"(1)":[288],"all":[300],"performed":[301],"quite":[302,409],"well,":[303],"among":[304],"(F)":[309],"0.80":[315],"0.85;":[322],"(2)":[324],"DBH":[328,357,377],"comparison":[342],"data":[346],"relatively":[348],"high.":[349],"root":[351],"mean":[352],"square":[353],"error":[354],"(RMSE)":[355],"2.15":[368],"cm":[369,389],"4.08":[371],"m,":[372],"RMSE":[375],"2.06":[388],"1.63":[391],"m.":[392],"This":[393],"study":[394],"shows":[395],"that":[396],"adopted":[399],"image":[400],"capture":[401],"method,":[402],"terrestrial":[403],"photogrammetry":[405],"be":[407],"applied":[408],"well":[410],"extracting":[412],"DBH.":[413]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-03T00:53:05.648605","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}