{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366395399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082135","title":"On the Robustness and Generalization Ability of Building Footprint Extraction on the Example of SegNet and Mask R-CNN","display_name":"On the Robustness and Generalization Ability of Building Footprint Extraction on the Example of SegNet and Mask R-CNN","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366395399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082135","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2135/pdf?version=1681823395","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2135/pdf?version=1681823395","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028796789","display_name":"Muntaha Sakeena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0339-6779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25485817","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences St P\u00f6lten","ror":"https://ror.org/039a2re55","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25485817"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muntaha Sakeena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Creative Media Technologies, St. P\u00f6lten University of Applied Sciences, Campus-Platz 1, A-3100 St. P\u00f6lten, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Creative Media Technologies, St. P\u00f6lten University of Applied Sciences, Campus-Platz 1, A-3100 St. P\u00f6lten, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25485817"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083769793","display_name":"Eric Stumpe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25485817","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences St P\u00f6lten","ror":"https://ror.org/039a2re55","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25485817"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Stumpe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Creative Media Technologies, St. P\u00f6lten University of Applied Sciences, Campus-Platz 1, A-3100 St. P\u00f6lten, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Creative Media Technologies, St. P\u00f6lten University of Applied Sciences, Campus-Platz 1, A-3100 St. P\u00f6lten, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25485817"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071834746","display_name":"Miroslav Despotovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6282-9672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93485673","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Kufstein","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1x2k35","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93485673"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miroslav Despotovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Energy, Facility & Real Estate Management, University of Applied Sciences Kufstein Tirol, Andreas Hofer-Strasse 7, A-6330 Kufstein, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Energy, Facility & Real Estate Management, University of Applied Sciences Kufstein Tirol, Andreas Hofer-Strasse 7, A-6330 Kufstein, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93485673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089027687","display_name":"David Koch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2021-4025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93485673","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Kufstein","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1x2k35","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93485673"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Koch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Energy, Facility & Real Estate Management, University of Applied Sciences Kufstein Tirol, Andreas Hofer-Strasse 7, A-6330 Kufstein, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Energy, Facility & Real Estate Management, University of Applied Sciences Kufstein Tirol, Andreas Hofer-Strasse 7, A-6330 Kufstein, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93485673"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060926433","display_name":"Matthias Zeppelzauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0413-4746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25485817","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences St P\u00f6lten","ror":"https://ror.org/039a2re55","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25485817"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Zeppelzauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Creative Media Technologies, St. P\u00f6lten University of Applied Sciences, Campus-Platz 1, A-3100 St. P\u00f6lten, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Creative Media Technologies, St. P\u00f6lten University of Applied Sciences, Campus-Platz 1, A-3100 St. P\u00f6lten, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25485817"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060926433"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25485817"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.3639,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78541847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"8","first_page":"2135","last_page":"2135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8113921880722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.722025990486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6548877954483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.624260425567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footprint","display_name":"Footprint","score":0.5595159530639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.47354358434677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.4407762587070465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4188881814479828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3468376696109772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12074533104896545}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8113921880722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.722025990486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6548877954483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.624260425567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.5595159530639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.47354358434677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.4407762587070465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4188881814479828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3468376696109772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12074533104896545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082135","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2135/pdf?version=1681823395","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:767c2484afbf44398af54aa94a0a1690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/767c2484afbf44398af54aa94a0a1690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 8, p 2135 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/8/2135/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 8; Pages: 2135","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082135","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2135/pdf?version=1681823395","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G420156653","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"865973","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323031","funder_display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323031","display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/028jc0449"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366395399.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1959021896","https://openalex.org/W1981934656","https://openalex.org/W2022773386","https://openalex.org/W2038656439","https://openalex.org/W2055702796","https://openalex.org/W2066626129","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2114707647","https://openalex.org/W2151155827","https://openalex.org/W2259714867","https://openalex.org/W2295216480","https://openalex.org/W2499316477","https://openalex.org/W2533566148","https://openalex.org/W2609402060","https://openalex.org/W2620620816","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2883423620","https://openalex.org/W2885739804","https://openalex.org/W2890818786","https://openalex.org/W2897593716","https://openalex.org/W2902974179","https://openalex.org/W2908031934","https://openalex.org/W2911786592","https://openalex.org/W2915731581","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963525222","https://openalex.org/W2963659230","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2969291040","https://openalex.org/W2971095420","https://openalex.org/W2993235622","https://openalex.org/W3001762382","https://openalex.org/W3033523448","https://openalex.org/W3037291346","https://openalex.org/W3040304705","https://openalex.org/W3047236570","https://openalex.org/W3048410165","https://openalex.org/W3138136606","https://openalex.org/W3157790373","https://openalex.org/W3161846845","https://openalex.org/W3168330079","https://openalex.org/W3206422633","https://openalex.org/W4220738217","https://openalex.org/W4229061990","https://openalex.org/W4296641113","https://openalex.org/W4311378103","https://openalex.org/W4312394224","https://openalex.org/W6645943304","https://openalex.org/W6692549671","https://openalex.org/W6772565011","https://openalex.org/W6884642870","https://openalex.org/W6922074832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687","https://openalex.org/W2000169967","https://openalex.org/W2112883198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Building":[0,46],"footprint":[1,47],"(BFP)":[2],"extraction":[3,20,48,96,190],"focuses":[4],"on":[5,110,150,211,221],"the":[6,30,62,70,101,114,151,161,182,256],"precise":[7],"pixel-wise":[8],"segmentation":[9],"of":[10,42,69,92,139,154,165,181,262],"buildings":[11,52],"from":[12,240,246,255,267],"aerial":[13],"photographs":[14],"such":[15,37,75],"as":[16,38,76,168,170,218,220],"satellite":[17,215],"images.":[18],"BFP":[19,95,155,189],"is":[21,49,119,142,254,275],"an":[22,193,199],"essential":[23],"task":[24],"in":[25,61,66,100,178],"remote":[26],"sensing":[27],"and":[28,58,65,79,87,103,124,135,163,196,203,237],"represents":[29],"foundation":[31],"for":[32,94,188],"many":[33],"higher-level":[34],"analysis":[35],"tasks,":[36],"disaster":[39],"management,":[40],"monitoring":[41],"city":[43],"development,":[44],"etc.":[45],"challenging":[50],"because":[51],"can":[53],"have":[54,82,107],"different":[55,67,130,209,241,272],"sizes,":[56],"shapes,":[57],"appearances":[59],"both":[60,228,244],"same":[63,257],"region":[64],"regions":[68],"world.":[71],"In":[72,157],"addition,":[73],"effects,":[74],"occlusions,":[77],"shadows,":[78],"bad":[80],"lighting,":[81],"to":[83,129,143,208,232],"also":[84],"be":[85],"considered":[86],"compensated.":[88],"A":[89],"rich":[90],"body":[91],"work":[93,116],"has":[97],"been":[98,108],"presented":[99],"literature,":[102],"promising":[104],"research":[105],"results":[106],"reported":[109],"benchmarking":[111],"datasets.":[112,224],"Despite":[113],"comprehensive":[115],"performed,":[117],"it":[118],"still":[120],"unclear":[121],"how":[122],"robust":[123],"generalizable":[125],"state-of-the-art":[126,166],"methods":[127,167],"are":[128],"regions,":[131],"cities,":[132,236],"settlement":[133],"structures,":[134],"densities.":[136],"The":[137],"purpose":[138],"this":[140,145,252],"study":[141],"close":[144],"gap":[146],"by":[147],"investigating":[148],"questions":[149],"practical":[152],"applicability":[153],"extraction.":[156],"particular,":[158],"we":[159,176],"evaluate":[160,204],"robustness":[162],"generalizability":[164],"well":[169,219,231],"their":[171],"transfer":[172],"learning":[173,186,266],"capabilities.":[174],"Therefore,":[175],"investigate":[177],"detail":[179],"two":[180],"most":[183],"popular":[184],"deep":[185],"architectures":[187],"(i.e.,":[191],"SegNet,":[192],"encoder\u2013decoder-based":[194],"architecture":[195],"Mask":[197],"R-CNN,":[198],"object":[200],"detection":[201],"architecture)":[202],"them":[205],"with":[206,271],"respect":[207],"aspects":[210],"a":[212,268],"proprietary":[213],"high-resolution":[214],"image":[216],"dataset":[217],"publicly":[222],"available":[223],"Results":[225],"show":[226],"that":[227],"networks":[229],"generalize":[230],"new":[233,235],"data,":[234,249],"across":[238],"cities":[239],"continents.":[242],"They":[243],"benefit":[245],"increased":[247],"training":[248],"especially":[250],"when":[251],"data":[253,269],"distribution":[258],"(data":[259],"source)":[260],"or":[261],"comparable":[263],"resolution.":[264],"Transfer":[265],"source":[270],"recording":[273],"parameters":[274],"not":[276],"always":[277],"beneficial.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}