{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4365515571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082057","title":"Frequency Extraction of Global Constant Frequency Electromagnetic Disturbances from Electric Field VLF Data on CSES","display_name":"Frequency Extraction of Global Constant Frequency Electromagnetic Disturbances from Electric Field VLF Data on CSES","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4365515571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082057"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082057","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2057/pdf?version=1681379968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2057/pdf?version=1681379968","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014607707","display_name":"Ying Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-0534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098369","display_name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/00pyv1r78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369","https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042479133","display_name":"Qiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6604-0003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098880","display_name":"National Institute of Hospital Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00xdrzy17","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101781845","display_name":"Jianping Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7961-5865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098880","display_name":"National Institute of Hospital Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00xdrzy17","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianping Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101538524","display_name":"Jing Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6162-0025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098369","display_name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/00pyv1r78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369","https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049696008","display_name":"Zhong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4436-3845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098369","display_name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/00pyv1r78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369","https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100335702","display_name":"Yali Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1739-3053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098369","display_name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/00pyv1r78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369","https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yali Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100734660","display_name":"Haijun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7717-893X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098369","display_name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/00pyv1r78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369","https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haijun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017355969","display_name":"Xuhui Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6002-0167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuhui Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042479133"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.2902,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52324693,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"8","first_page":"2057","last_page":"2057"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10110","display_name":"earthquake and tectonic studies","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9775999784469604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.9481821060180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.5476582646369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4403933584690094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.42509007453918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/very-low-frequency","display_name":"Very low frequency","score":0.42127466201782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4190811216831207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3551596403121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3263498544692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23598727583885193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.21951669454574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17757245898246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.15143924951553345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.9481821060180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.5476582646369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4403933584690094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.42509007453918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139358767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q549933","display_name":"Very low frequency","level":2,"score":0.42127466201782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4190811216831207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3551596403121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3263498544692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23598727583885193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21951669454574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17757245898246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.15143924951553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082057","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2057/pdf?version=1681379968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4bdb95e67f644701980c6c66218971b0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4bdb95e67f644701980c6c66218971b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 8, p 2057 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/8/2057/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 8; Pages: 2057","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082057","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2057/pdf?version=1681379968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4072841393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZY20215143","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4365515571.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483434744","https://openalex.org/W1531799557","https://openalex.org/W1996067523","https://openalex.org/W1998058116","https://openalex.org/W2015535611","https://openalex.org/W2049472391","https://openalex.org/W2069555148","https://openalex.org/W2086957355","https://openalex.org/W2105921158","https://openalex.org/W2142932218","https://openalex.org/W2154145290","https://openalex.org/W2161249568","https://openalex.org/W2294482018","https://openalex.org/W2356657006","https://openalex.org/W2379218279","https://openalex.org/W2391485173","https://openalex.org/W2592172612","https://openalex.org/W2790162062","https://openalex.org/W2792153408","https://openalex.org/W2801430671","https://openalex.org/W2900780000","https://openalex.org/W2902019534","https://openalex.org/W2902076194","https://openalex.org/W2902473858","https://openalex.org/W2902626175","https://openalex.org/W2910340436","https://openalex.org/W2910435332","https://openalex.org/W2917492486","https://openalex.org/W2938167086","https://openalex.org/W3015167087","https://openalex.org/W3086300661","https://openalex.org/W3087485473","https://openalex.org/W3117320935","https://openalex.org/W3125381463","https://openalex.org/W3130155045","https://openalex.org/W4207012393","https://openalex.org/W4280511362","https://openalex.org/W4318833640","https://openalex.org/W4383571120","https://openalex.org/W6706418879","https://openalex.org/W6790836955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2530685530","https://openalex.org/W4375868962","https://openalex.org/W2011227383","https://openalex.org/W2088854863","https://openalex.org/W1976719989","https://openalex.org/W2942893872","https://openalex.org/W2065606036","https://openalex.org/W3179495260","https://openalex.org/W3127543252","https://openalex.org/W2064323827"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,122],"electromagnetic":[1,30,240,248],"data":[2,87],"observed":[3],"with":[4,89,201],"the":[5,25,47,74,78,81,84,90,108,120,128,134,138,142,146,149,155,161,166,223,243],"CSES":[6,91,156],"(China":[7],"Seismo-Electromagnetic":[8],"Satellite,":[9],"also":[10],"known":[11],"as":[12,34,52],"Zhangheng-1":[13],"satellite)":[14],"contain":[15],"numerous":[16],"spatial":[17,239],"disturbances.":[18],"These":[19],"disturbances":[20,31],"exhibit":[21],"various":[22],"shapes":[23],"on":[24,64,73,119,133,235],"spectrogram,":[26],"and":[27,44,76,145,170,182,192,242,245],"constant":[28],"frequency":[29,130,139,168],"(CFEDs),":[32],"such":[33],"artificially":[35],"transmitted":[36],"very-low-frequency":[37],"(VLF)":[38],"radio":[39],"waves,":[40],"power":[41,157,183],"line":[42,129,167],"harmonics,":[43],"interference":[45,241],"from":[46,80,185],"satellite":[48],"platform":[49],"itself,":[50],"appear":[51],"horizontal":[53,117],"lines.":[54],"To":[55],"exploit":[56],"this":[57],"feature,":[58],"we":[59,153],"proposed":[60],"an":[61,206],"algorithm":[62,112],"based":[63,132],"computer":[65],"vision":[66],"technology":[67],"that":[68],"automatically":[69],"recognizes":[70],"these":[71],"lines":[72,118],"spectrogram":[75,101,158],"extracts":[77],"frequencies":[79],"CFEDs.":[82,196],"First,":[83],"VLF":[85,144],"waveform":[86],"collected":[88],"electric":[92],"field":[93],"detector":[94],"(EFD)":[95],"are":[96],"converted":[97],"into":[98],"a":[99,212],"time\u2013frequency":[100,150,180],"using":[102],"short-time":[103],"Fourier":[104],"Transform":[105],"(STFT).":[106],"Next,":[107],"CFED":[109],"automatic":[110],"recognition":[111],"is":[113,125],"used":[114,154],"to":[115,126,159,218,233],"identify":[116],"spectrogram.":[121,151],"third":[123],"step":[124],"determine":[127],"range":[131,169],"proportional":[135],"relationship":[136],"between":[137],"domain":[140],"of":[141,148,163,225,238,247],"satellite\u2019s":[143],"height":[147],"Finally,":[152],"confirm":[160],"presence":[162],"CFEDs":[164,200],"in":[165,222],"extract":[171],"their":[172],"true":[173],"frequencies.":[174],"We":[175],"statistically":[176],"analyzed":[177],"1034":[178],"orbit":[179],"spectrograms":[181,184],"8":[186],"periods":[187],"(5":[188],"days":[189],"per":[190],"period)":[191],"identified":[193],"approximately":[194],"200":[195],"Among":[197],"them,":[198],"two":[199],"strong":[202,227],"signals":[203],"persisted":[204],"throughout":[205],"entire":[207],"orbit.":[208],"This":[209],"study":[210,224],"establishes":[211],"foundation":[213],"for":[214],"detecting":[215],"anomalies":[216],"due":[217],"artificial":[219],"sources,":[220],"particularly":[221],"short-term":[226],"earthquake":[228],"prediction.":[229],"Additionally,":[230],"it":[231],"contributes":[232],"research":[234],"other":[236],"aspects":[237],"suppression":[244],"cleaning":[246],"waves.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-24T23:09:58.560324","created_date":"2023-04-15T00:00:00"}