{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4365142502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082030","title":"Identification of Black Reef Shipwreck Sites Using AI and Satellite Multispectral Imagery","display_name":"Identification of Black Reef Shipwreck Sites Using AI and Satellite Multispectral Imagery","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4365142502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2030/pdf?version=1681225176","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2030/pdf?version=1681225176","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037899663","display_name":"Alexandra Karamitrou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4142-1958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexandra Karamitrou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039402925","display_name":"Fraser Sturt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3010-990X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fraser Sturt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044541162","display_name":"Petros Bogiatzis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-7476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197940685","display_name":"National Oceanography Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/00874hx02","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197940685"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petros Bogiatzis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197940685","https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037899663"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":11.4016,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97722777,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"8","first_page":"2030","last_page":"2030"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12624","display_name":"Maritime and Coastal Archaeology","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12624","display_name":"Maritime and Coastal Archaeology","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12388","display_name":"Identification and Quantification in Food","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10341","display_name":"Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reef","display_name":"Reef","score":0.7646440267562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coral-reef","display_name":"Coral reef","score":0.687372624874115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-pollution","display_name":"Marine pollution","score":0.552436888217926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.5033590197563171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.48042750358581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.45367711782455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4045993387699127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.403725266456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.354461669921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollution","display_name":"Pollution","score":0.33782345056533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.3287084996700287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2961747348308563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.18068870902061462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.1415899395942688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77044568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184358","display_name":"Reef","level":2,"score":0.7646440267562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79367842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11292","display_name":"Coral reef","level":2,"score":0.687372624874115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780492012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058325","display_name":"Marine pollution","level":3,"score":0.552436888217926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.5033590197563171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.48042750358581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.45367711782455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4045993387699127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.403725266456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.354461669921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.33782345056533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.3287084996700287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2961747348308563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.18068870902061462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.1415899395942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2030/pdf?version=1681225176","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:477377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:888fdca4534a4719a32d7d1df99d8820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/888fdca4534a4719a32d7d1df99d8820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 8, p 2030 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/8/2030/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 8; Pages: 2030","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2030/pdf?version=1681225176","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4365142502.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W105028615","https://openalex.org/W1159302035","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1937812750","https://openalex.org/W1976443904","https://openalex.org/W1980912979","https://openalex.org/W1984458643","https://openalex.org/W1997709480","https://openalex.org/W2008825247","https://openalex.org/W2042979847","https://openalex.org/W2049891753","https://openalex.org/W2067437494","https://openalex.org/W2069610368","https://openalex.org/W2095188239","https://openalex.org/W2103328396","https://openalex.org/W2112546694","https://openalex.org/W2113903666","https://openalex.org/W2116094424","https://openalex.org/W2118331541","https://openalex.org/W2118489324","https://openalex.org/W2154996879","https://openalex.org/W2158931004","https://openalex.org/W2197937732","https://openalex.org/W2228819622","https://openalex.org/W2335798593","https://openalex.org/W2412260727","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2522926207","https://openalex.org/W2594474574","https://openalex.org/W2599081305","https://openalex.org/W2757284822","https://openalex.org/W2774839435","https://openalex.org/W2783307079","https://openalex.org/W2788728386","https://openalex.org/W2790808809","https://openalex.org/W2790943885","https://openalex.org/W2792834173","https://openalex.org/W2810267090","https://openalex.org/W2898796167","https://openalex.org/W2901509971","https://openalex.org/W2910101086","https://openalex.org/W2910121883","https://openalex.org/W2912160656","https://openalex.org/W2947263797","https://openalex.org/W2953058327","https://openalex.org/W2953141858","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2964226622","https://openalex.org/W2966615870","https://openalex.org/W3001152983","https://openalex.org/W3004531025","https://openalex.org/W3026572552","https://openalex.org/W3028916296","https://openalex.org/W3039940047","https://openalex.org/W3044539769","https://openalex.org/W3080628495","https://openalex.org/W3082397598","https://openalex.org/W3100321043","https://openalex.org/W3110908156","https://openalex.org/W3124675547","https://openalex.org/W3132455321","https://openalex.org/W3134901207","https://openalex.org/W3158916587","https://openalex.org/W3165544271","https://openalex.org/W3170116439","https://openalex.org/W4297022811","https://openalex.org/W6604293211","https://openalex.org/W6703238135","https://openalex.org/W6772750526","https://openalex.org/W6782196647"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079287616","https://openalex.org/W1467387222","https://openalex.org/W2012693525","https://openalex.org/W1977924512","https://openalex.org/W2018708029","https://openalex.org/W1999831262","https://openalex.org/W1872149300","https://openalex.org/W44284221","https://openalex.org/W2322351756","https://openalex.org/W4317745705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"UNESCO":[0],"estimates":[1],"that":[2,157],"our":[3],"planet\u2019s":[4],"oceans":[5],"and":[6,32,75,148,177,180,186,207],"lakes":[7],"are":[8,25,39,67],"home":[9],"to":[10,45,196],"more":[11],"than":[12],"three":[13,18],"million":[14],"shipwrecks.":[15,191],"Of":[16],"these":[17],"million,":[19],"the":[20,30,90,93,109,117,125,135,139,150,163,188,203,209,213],"locations":[21,144],"of":[22,71,92,111,119,127,134,142,145,190,205],"only":[23],"10%":[24],"currently":[26],"known.":[27],"Apart":[28],"from":[29],"historical":[31],"archaeological":[33],"interest":[34],"in":[35,89],"finding":[36],"wrecks,":[37],"there":[38],"other":[40],"reasons":[41],"why":[42],"we":[43,107],"need":[44],"know":[46],"their":[47],"precise":[48],"locations.":[49],"While":[50],"a":[51,80,99,198],"shipwreck":[52],"can":[53,96],"provide":[54],"an":[55,63,85],"excellent":[56],"habitat":[57],"for":[58,116,201],"marine":[59],"life,":[60],"acting":[61],"as":[62],"artificial":[64],"reef,":[65],"shipwrecks":[66,120],"also":[68],"potential":[69],"sources":[70],"pollution,":[72],"leaking":[73],"fuel":[74],"corroding":[76],"heavy":[77],"metals.":[78],"When":[79],"vessel":[81],"runs":[82],"aground":[83],"on":[84,121,212],"iron-free":[86],"environment,":[87],"changes":[88],"chemistry":[91],"surrounding":[94],"environment":[95],"occur,":[97],"creating":[98],"discoloration":[100,129,206],"called":[101],"black":[102,146,184],"reef.":[103],"In":[104],"this":[105,128],"work,":[106],"examine":[108],"use":[110],"supervised":[112],"deep":[113],"learning":[114],"methods":[115],"detection":[118],"coral":[122],"reefs":[123,185],"through":[124],"presence":[126,189],"using":[130,173,216],"satellite":[131],"images.":[132],"One":[133],"main":[136],"challenges":[137],"is":[138],"limited":[140,151,161],"number":[141],"known":[143],"reefs,":[147],"therefore,":[149],"training":[152],"dataset.":[153],"Our":[154],"results":[155],"show":[156],"even":[158],"with":[159],"relatively":[160],"data,":[162],"simple":[164],"eight-layer,":[165],"fully":[166],"convolutional":[167],"network":[168],"has":[169,178,194],"been":[170],"trained":[171],"efficiently":[172],"minimal":[174],"computational":[175],"resources":[176],"identified":[179],"classified":[181],"all":[182],"investigated":[183],"consequently":[187,208],"Furthermore,":[192],"it":[193],"proven":[195],"be":[197],"useful":[199],"tool":[200],"monitoring":[202],"extent":[204],"ecological":[210],"impact":[211],"reef":[214],"by":[215],"time":[217],"series":[218],"imagery.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
