{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4365148117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082027","title":"Efficient Deep Semantic Segmentation for Land Cover Classification Using Sentinel Imagery","display_name":"Efficient Deep Semantic Segmentation for Land Cover Classification Using Sentinel Imagery","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4365148117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2027/pdf?version=1681285048","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2027/pdf?version=1681285048","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009370157","display_name":"Anastasios Tzepkenlis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134249","display_name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/03bndpq63","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasios Tzepkenlis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649","https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089999930","display_name":"Konstantinos Marthoglou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134249","display_name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/03bndpq63","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Marthoglou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649","https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024126057","display_name":"Nikos Grammalidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8465-6258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093649","display_name":"Information Technologies Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0069akp70","country_code":"GR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134249","display_name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/03bndpq63","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikos Grammalidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649","https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024126057"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093649","https://openalex.org/I4210134249"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":10.7416,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98817354,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"8","first_page":"2027","last_page":"2027"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8035073280334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.5959365367889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5487492680549622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5273186564445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4948222041130066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.43784603476524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing-application","display_name":"Remote sensing application","score":0.43407750129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4213699698448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.32156074047088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09959679841995239}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8035073280334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5959365367889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5487492680549622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5273186564445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4948222041130066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.43784603476524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183365957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17140402","display_name":"Remote sensing application","level":3,"score":0.43407750129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4213699698448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.32156074047088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09959679841995239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2027/pdf?version=1681285048","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:37a5dbb0a44046679a7ae7df06716461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/37a5dbb0a44046679a7ae7df06716461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 8, p 2027 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/8/2027/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 8; Pages: 2027","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15082027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/8/2027/pdf?version=1681285048","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4365148117.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W805881451","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1984670836","https://openalex.org/W2044609898","https://openalex.org/W2056435747","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2090151803","https://openalex.org/W2118037698","https://openalex.org/W2136783177","https://openalex.org/W2139709933","https://openalex.org/W2160434086","https://openalex.org/W2254450385","https://openalex.org/W2531168480","https://openalex.org/W2583513334","https://openalex.org/W2604086375","https://openalex.org/W2613180894","https://openalex.org/W2654913168","https://openalex.org/W2803092973","https://openalex.org/W2892654670","https://openalex.org/W2904606389","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2964194231","https://openalex.org/W2965533295","https://openalex.org/W2969945043","https://openalex.org/W2976120863","https://openalex.org/W2981830988","https://openalex.org/W2983717970","https://openalex.org/W2986816104","https://openalex.org/W3011515952","https://openalex.org/W3037529526","https://openalex.org/W3037587714","https://openalex.org/W3039679236","https://openalex.org/W3091542555","https://openalex.org/W3093130013","https://openalex.org/W3095867871","https://openalex.org/W3108730420","https://openalex.org/W3125914437","https://openalex.org/W3131500599","https://openalex.org/W3137034425","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3161790566","https://openalex.org/W3170841864","https://openalex.org/W3183434307","https://openalex.org/W3185151088","https://openalex.org/W3198940810","https://openalex.org/W3207200417","https://openalex.org/W3211490618","https://openalex.org/W4210523081","https://openalex.org/W4224098539","https://openalex.org/W4280639351","https://openalex.org/W4286277957","https://openalex.org/W4292794000","https://openalex.org/W4296356594","https://openalex.org/W4362519158","https://openalex.org/W6622980397","https://openalex.org/W6685617319","https://openalex.org/W6769072761","https://openalex.org/W6797399245","https://openalex.org/W6807503526"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W3192667092","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607","https://openalex.org/W3170595163","https://openalex.org/W109821791"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"different":[1,13,186],"machine":[2],"learning":[3,74],"approaches,":[4,230],"either":[5],"conventional":[6],"or":[7],"more":[8],"advanced,":[9],"use":[10,60,77],"input":[11,185,259],"from":[12],"remote":[14,42],"sensing":[15,43],"imagery":[16,44],"for":[17,83,113,264],"land":[18,62,99,141],"cover":[19,63,100,142],"classification":[20,143],"and":[21,40,50,59,145,196,200,239],"associated":[22],"decision":[23],"making.":[24],"However,":[25],"most":[26],"approaches":[27],"rely":[28],"heavily":[29],"on":[30,222],"time-consuming":[31,51],"tasks":[32],"to":[33,46,57,119,129,139,172,179,202],"gather":[34],"accurate":[35],"annotation":[36],"data.":[37],"Furthermore,":[38],"downloading":[39],"pre-processing":[41],"used":[45,211],"be":[47],"a":[48,114,123,130],"difficult":[49],"task":[52,97],"that":[53,67,218,254],"discouraged":[54],"policy":[55],"makers":[56],"create":[58],"new":[61],"maps.":[64],"We":[65,216],"argue":[66],"by":[68,152],"combining":[69],"recent":[70],"improvements":[71],"in":[72,212],"deep":[73],"with":[75,159],"the":[76,88,96,147,168,208,213,251,258],"of":[78,98,167,188,207,257],"powerful":[79],"cloud":[80],"computing":[81],"platforms":[82],"EO":[84],"data":[85],"processing,":[86],"specifically":[87],"Google":[89],"Earth":[90],"Engine,":[91],"we":[92,105],"can":[93],"greatly":[94],"facilitate":[95],"classification.":[101],"For":[102],"this":[103],"reason,":[104],"modify":[106],"an":[107],"efficient":[108],"semantic":[109],"segmentation":[110],"approach":[111],"(U-TAE)":[112],"satellite":[115,156,189],"image":[116,126,157],"time":[117,132,149],"series":[118],"use,":[120],"as":[121,154,184],"input,":[122,155],"single":[124],"multiband":[125],"composite":[127],"corresponding":[128],"specific":[131],"range.":[133],"Our":[134],"motivation":[135],"is":[136,262],"threefold:":[137],"(a)":[138],"improve":[140],"performance":[144,181],"at":[146],"same":[148],"reduce":[150],"complexity":[151],"using,":[153],"composites":[158],"reduced":[160],"noise":[161],"created":[162],"using":[163,183,245],"temporal":[164,209],"median":[165],"instead":[166,206],"original":[169,214],"noisy":[170],"(due":[171],"clouds,":[173],"calibration":[174],"errors,":[175],"etc.)":[176],"images,":[177],"(b)":[178],"assess":[180],"when":[182],"combinations":[187],"data,":[190,199],"including":[191],"Sentinel-2,":[192],"Sentinel-1,":[193],"spectral":[194],"indices,":[195],"ALOS":[197],"elevation":[198],"(c)":[201],"exploit":[203],"channel":[204],"attention":[205,210],"approach.":[215],"show":[217],"our":[219],"proposed":[220],"modification":[221],"U-TAE":[223],"(mIoU:":[224,234,237,241],"57.25%)":[225],"outperforms":[226],"three":[227],"other":[228],"popular":[229],"namely":[231],"random":[232],"forest":[233],"39.69%),":[235],"U-Net":[236],"55.73%),":[238],"SegFormer":[240],"53.5%),":[242],"while":[243],"also":[244],"fewer":[246],"training":[247],"parameters.":[248],"In":[249],"addition,":[250],"evaluation":[252],"reveals":[253],"proper":[255],"selection":[256],"band":[260],"combination":[261],"necessary":[263],"improved":[265],"performance.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-02-25T08:12:03.925757","created_date":"2023-04-13T00:00:00"}