{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362668337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071950","title":"Long-Range Lightning Interferometry Using Coherency","display_name":"Long-Range Lightning Interferometry Using Coherency","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362668337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071950"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071950","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1950/pdf?version=1680774485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1950/pdf?version=1680774485","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042435707","display_name":"Xue Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1878-1904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51601045","display_name":"University of Bath","ror":"https://ror.org/002h8g185","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xue Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Space, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Space, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056274269","display_name":"Martin F\u00fcllekrug","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4588-3591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51601045","display_name":"University of Bath","ror":"https://ror.org/002h8g185","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin F\u00fcllekrug","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Space, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Space, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042435707"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0428701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"1950","last_page":"1950"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12510","display_name":"Magneto-Optical Properties and Applications","score":0.9779000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.7518248558044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skywave","display_name":"Skywave","score":0.7203667163848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightning","display_name":"Lightning (connector)","score":0.6264915466308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.5519001483917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.5314608812332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5223732590675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impulse","display_name":"Impulse (physics)","score":0.49294114112854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.47180095314979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.46332424879074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightning-detection","display_name":"Lightning detection","score":0.46089592576026917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.4388469457626343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.4221253991127014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.41988417506217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.40722498297691345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3207404911518097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.23218399286270142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19020599126815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thunderstorm","display_name":"Thunderstorm","score":0.18446490168571472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.1570945382118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13702046871185303}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.7518248558044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45860500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639901","display_name":"Skywave","level":3,"score":0.7203667163848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69398868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129052","display_name":"Lightning (connector)","level":3,"score":0.6264915466308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.5519001483917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.5314608812332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5223732590675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70836080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837940","display_name":"Impulse (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49294114112854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.47180095314979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.46332424879074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780500098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3050846","display_name":"Lightning detection","level":3,"score":0.46089592576026917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.4388469457626343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.4221253991127014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.41988417506217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.40722498297691345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3207404911518097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.23218399286270142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19020599126815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80316258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2857578","display_name":"Thunderstorm","level":2,"score":0.18446490168571472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.1570945382118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13702046871185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071950","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1950/pdf?version=1680774485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:971d0b66e20940adac6976aa55be2e4f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/971d0b66e20940adac6976aa55be2e4f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 7, p 1950 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/7/1950/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15071950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 7; Pages: 1950","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071950","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1950/pdf?version=1680774485","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1245062394","display_name":"Relativistic Electron Beams Above Thunderclouds","funder_award_id":"NE/H024921/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1626782110","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/H024921/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2124990603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/L012669/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","funder_display_name":"Sight Research UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2183307959","display_name":"Radio Tomography for Atmospheric Science","funder_award_id":"NE/L012669/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3542210200","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NMG/R1/180252","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","funder_display_name":"Royal Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G523037254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/L012669/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5840728538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/H024921/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","funder_display_name":"Sight Research UK"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","display_name":"Sight Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/03z2py885"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362668337.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495326998","https://openalex.org/W1548284040","https://openalex.org/W1573095885","https://openalex.org/W1827527805","https://openalex.org/W1947159354","https://openalex.org/W1978855366","https://openalex.org/W2010221081","https://openalex.org/W2022437470","https://openalex.org/W2031636788","https://openalex.org/W2037800480","https://openalex.org/W2038267864","https://openalex.org/W2039848571","https://openalex.org/W2048122391","https://openalex.org/W2064507581","https://openalex.org/W2075393126","https://openalex.org/W2075462094","https://openalex.org/W2076062088","https://openalex.org/W2081109731","https://openalex.org/W2107012025","https://openalex.org/W2109839958","https://openalex.org/W2110758782","https://openalex.org/W2111965804","https://openalex.org/W2138017942","https://openalex.org/W2152087703","https://openalex.org/W2156724742","https://openalex.org/W2171923309","https://openalex.org/W2177728470","https://openalex.org/W2255162704","https://openalex.org/W2315031316","https://openalex.org/W2333777340","https://openalex.org/W2528360481","https://openalex.org/W2566127178","https://openalex.org/W2793525920","https://openalex.org/W2794812852","https://openalex.org/W2852365294","https://openalex.org/W2891387951","https://openalex.org/W2972649510","https://openalex.org/W3014558616","https://openalex.org/W3042456032","https://openalex.org/W3124948043","https://openalex.org/W3137916371","https://openalex.org/W3171697275","https://openalex.org/W4205183495","https://openalex.org/W4210525749","https://openalex.org/W4255052344","https://openalex.org/W4280613992","https://openalex.org/W6666678938","https://openalex.org/W6699090772"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2908563250","https://openalex.org/W806495504","https://openalex.org/W1993595365","https://openalex.org/W22494098","https://openalex.org/W1487629192","https://openalex.org/W2005844915","https://openalex.org/W763284094","https://openalex.org/W2182723125","https://openalex.org/W2064245538","https://openalex.org/W4394684071"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"lightning":[1,15,34,51,87,115,156,173],"detection":[2],"and":[3,49,92,117,124,138,202],"location":[4,35,112],"networks":[5],"use":[6,48,133],"the":[7,30,46,81,96,105,114,121,125,146,155,162,172,192],"time":[8,20],"of":[9,65,95,200],"arrival":[10],"(TOA)":[11],"technique":[12],"to":[13,28,76,85,102,145,153,170,190],"locate":[14],"events":[16,52],"with":[17,180,195],"a":[18,25,38,110,134,181,198],"single":[19,111],"stamp.":[21],"This":[22,166],"contribution":[23],"introduces":[24],"simulation":[26,193],"study":[27,82,167],"lay":[29],"foundation":[31],"for":[32,113],"new":[33],"concepts.":[36],"Here,":[37],"novel":[39],"interferometric":[40,78,106],"method":[41],"is":[42,73,83,188],"studied":[43],"which":[44,63,149],"expands":[45],"data":[47,196],"maps":[50],"into":[53],"an":[54,141,151],"area":[55],"by":[56,69],"using":[57],"coherency.":[58],"The":[59],"amplitude":[60,91],"waveform":[61],"bank,":[62],"consists":[64],"averaged":[66],"waveforms":[67],"classified":[68],"their":[70],"propagation":[71],"distances,":[72],"first":[74,126,163],"used":[75,100],"test":[77],"methods.":[79],"Subsequently,":[80],"extended":[84],"individual":[86],"event":[88,116],"waveforms.":[89],"Both":[90,158],"phase":[93],"coherency":[94],"analytic":[97],"signal":[98],"are":[99,130],"here":[101],"further":[103],"develop":[104],"method.":[107],"To":[108],"determine":[109],"avoid":[118],"interference":[119,177],"between":[120],"ground":[122,174],"wave":[123,175],"skywave,":[127],"two":[128],"solutions":[129],"proposed:":[131],"(1)":[132],"small":[135],"receiver":[136],"network":[137],"(2)":[139],"apply":[140],"impulse":[142,152],"response":[143],"function":[144],"recorded":[147],"waveforms,":[148],"uses":[150],"represent":[154],"occurrence.":[157],"methods":[159],"effectively":[160],"remove":[161],"skywave":[164],"interference.":[165],"potentially":[168],"helps":[169],"identify":[171],"without":[176],"from":[178],"skywaves":[179],"long-range":[182],"low":[183],"frequency":[184],"(LF)":[185],"network.":[186],"It":[187],"planned":[189],"expand":[191],"work":[194],"reflecting":[197],"variety":[199],"ionospheric":[201],"geographic":[203],"scenarios.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2023-04-07T00:00:00"}