{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362558190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071925","title":"A Data Quality Assessment Approach for High-Precision GNSS Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) with Case Studies in Hong Kong and Canada/USA","display_name":"A Data Quality Assessment Approach for High-Precision GNSS Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) with Case Studies in Hong Kong and Canada/USA","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362558190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071925","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1925/pdf?version=1680589911","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1925/pdf?version=1680589911","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049647137","display_name":"Lawrence Lau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-9666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence Lau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049176231","display_name":"Kai-Wing Tai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7023-1363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai-Wing Tai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049647137"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":8.2352,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96673837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"1925","last_page":"1925"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9485762715339661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.685725212097168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.6630018949508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.509978175163269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.43433475494384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4326085150241852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodetic-datum","display_name":"Geodetic datum","score":0.4266549348831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3854878544807434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3103203773498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.20426809787750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12126815319061279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9485762715339661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.685725212097168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.6630018949508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.509978175163269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.43433475494384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4326085150241852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58754882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887","display_name":"Geodetic datum","level":2,"score":0.4266549348831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3854878544807434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3103203773498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.20426809787750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12126815319061279}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071925","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1925/pdf?version=1680589911","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/98206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/98206","pdf_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/98206/1/remotesensing-15-01925-v2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:114209ac6c54406ba5029c23cc6e2244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/114209ac6c54406ba5029c23cc6e2244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 7, p 1925 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/7/1925/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15071925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 7; Pages: 1925","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071925","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1925/pdf?version=1680589911","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362558190.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501244460","https://openalex.org/W1576932825","https://openalex.org/W1793559719","https://openalex.org/W1974331242","https://openalex.org/W1984984876","https://openalex.org/W1992703650","https://openalex.org/W1997769453","https://openalex.org/W2003342124","https://openalex.org/W2021960072","https://openalex.org/W2034317720","https://openalex.org/W2036867582","https://openalex.org/W2047558282","https://openalex.org/W2047586898","https://openalex.org/W2056033373","https://openalex.org/W2060664350","https://openalex.org/W2062175031","https://openalex.org/W2062443522","https://openalex.org/W2071014731","https://openalex.org/W2071758630","https://openalex.org/W2076340655","https://openalex.org/W2076867470","https://openalex.org/W2077174197","https://openalex.org/W2098314310","https://openalex.org/W2109348604","https://openalex.org/W2118292738","https://openalex.org/W2118530078","https://openalex.org/W2188692557","https://openalex.org/W2219640434","https://openalex.org/W2342186580","https://openalex.org/W2531605823","https://openalex.org/W2557861994","https://openalex.org/W2618705033","https://openalex.org/W2792648992","https://openalex.org/W2795318913","https://openalex.org/W2940078092","https://openalex.org/W3006554888","https://openalex.org/W3012972951","https://openalex.org/W6735476478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3084744931","https://openalex.org/W2902549258","https://openalex.org/W2968867052","https://openalex.org/W4306248906","https://openalex.org/W4220774937","https://openalex.org/W4385199229","https://openalex.org/W4306291904","https://openalex.org/W4321792462","https://openalex.org/W3206199341","https://openalex.org/W2804003689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Centimeter-level":[0],"or":[1,92,108],"better":[2],"positioning":[3,27,35,40,46,58,116],"accuracy":[4,47,117],"is":[5,122,179,216,243,277,285],"needed":[6,48],"in":[7,19,52,74,224,245],"engineering":[8,20,50],"surveying":[9,51],"applications.":[10,114],"When":[11],"employing":[12],"the":[13,22,45,80,104,119,125,129,144,150,176,257,270,279,283,287],"Global":[14],"Navigation":[15],"Satellite":[16],"System":[17],"(GNSS)":[18],"surveying,":[21],"high-precision":[23,56],"real-time":[24,111],"kinematic":[25],"(RTK)":[26],"method":[28,59],"must":[29],"be":[30],"used":[31],"to":[32,77,234],"achieve":[33,44],"such":[34,95],"accuracy.":[36],"Currently,":[37],"precise":[38],"point":[39],"(PPP)":[41],"cannot":[42],"reliably":[43],"for":[49,110,203],"real":[53],"time.":[54],"The":[55,115,137,161,213,248],"RTK":[57],"needs":[60],"carrier-phase":[61,210,238],"measurements":[62,107],"and":[63,112,149,152,197,227,241,262,264],"a":[64,71,195,207,232,252],"reference":[65,81,130,134],"station/network.":[66],"Surveyors":[67],"may":[68],"not":[69,180],"need":[70],"GNSS":[72,97,106,120,139,265],"receiver":[73,98],"their":[75,183],"organizations/companies":[76],"act":[78],"as":[79,96],"station.":[82],"Continuously":[83],"Operating":[84],"Reference":[85],"Stations":[86],"(CORS),":[87],"run":[88],"by":[89,124,182],"international/national":[90],"organizations/agencies":[91],"private":[93],"companies":[94],"manufacturers,":[99],"let":[100],"users":[101],"freely":[102],"access":[103],"raw":[105],"corrections":[109],"post-processing":[113],"of":[118,128,146,175,251,269,282],"rover":[121],"affected":[123],"data":[126,173,199,211,249,271,289],"quality":[127,174,200,250,272,290],"stations,":[131],"including":[132],"virtual":[133],"stations":[135,178,188,205,276],"(VRS).":[136],"International":[138],"Service":[140],"(IGS)":[141],"currently":[142],"provides":[143,167],"number":[145],"cycle":[147],"slips":[148],"L1":[151],"L2":[153],"average":[154],"pseudorange":[155],"multipath":[156,239],"errors":[157,240],"per":[158],"station":[159,169,254],"daily.":[160],"US":[162],"National":[163],"Geodetic":[164],"Survey":[165],"(NGS)":[166],"daily":[168],"coordinate":[170],"residuals.":[171],"Carrier-phase":[172],"CORS":[177,187,204,253],"provided":[181],"organizations/agencies.":[184],"Nowadays,":[185],"many":[186],"track":[189],"multi-GNSS":[190,196],"satellites.":[191],"This":[192],"paper":[193,284],"proposes":[194],"multi-frequency":[198],"assessment":[201,291],"approach":[202,215],"with":[206,218],"focus":[208,281],"on":[209,221,256,286],"quality.":[212],"proposed":[214,244,288],"demonstrated":[217],"case":[219],"studies":[220],"IGS/CORS":[222],"networks":[223],"Hong":[225],"Kong":[226],"Canada/USA.":[228],"In":[229],"other":[230],"words,":[231],"strategy":[233],"obtain":[235],"non-linear":[236],"combined":[237],"noise":[242],"this":[246],"work.":[247],"depends":[255],"site":[258],"environment,":[259],"monument":[260],"type":[261],"height,":[263],"receiver/antenna.":[266],"An":[267],"account":[268],"at":[273],"some":[274],"selected":[275],"given;":[278],"main":[280],"approach.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
