{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362560754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071922","title":"The Potential of Deep Learning for Satellite Rainfall Detection over Data-Scarce Regions, the West African Savanna","display_name":"The Potential of Deep Learning for Satellite Rainfall Detection over Data-Scarce Regions, the West African Savanna","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362560754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071922"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071922","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1922/pdf?version=1680518306","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1922/pdf?version=1680518306","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069795126","display_name":"M\u00f3nica Est\u00e9banez-Camarena","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M\u00f3nica Est\u00e9banez-Camarena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009938897","display_name":"Riccardo Taormina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1550-504X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Taormina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050368116","display_name":"Nick van de Giesen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7200-3353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick van de Giesen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019620688","display_name":"Marie\u2010Claire ten Veldhuis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9572-2193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marie-Claire ten Veldhuis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069795126"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.759,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82254889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"1922","last_page":"1922"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.571372389793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rain-gauge","display_name":"Rain gauge","score":0.569129228591919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.559306263923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.501605749130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4953955411911011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.46676915884017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2633832097053528}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.571372389793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120961793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190052","display_name":"Rain gauge","level":3,"score":0.569129228591919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.559306263923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.501605749130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4953955411911011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.46676915884017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2633832097053528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071922","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1922/pdf?version=1680518306","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:58523a79df5546acb44eb40df12689ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/58523a79df5546acb44eb40df12689ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 7, p 1922 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/7/1922/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15071922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 7; Pages: 1922","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:9c3bf83f-443d-4666-94e9-d9ef5c86c835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9c3bf83f-443d-4666-94e9-d9ef5c86c835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071922","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1922/pdf?version=1680518306","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362560754.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W215556792","https://openalex.org/W1483126228","https://openalex.org/W1485009520","https://openalex.org/W1551877244","https://openalex.org/W1999285260","https://openalex.org/W2030386161","https://openalex.org/W2063969611","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2080112415","https://openalex.org/W2094653192","https://openalex.org/W2101922544","https://openalex.org/W2119803205","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2261645655","https://openalex.org/W2516083450","https://openalex.org/W2759230545","https://openalex.org/W2775031014","https://openalex.org/W2790864323","https://openalex.org/W2797707900","https://openalex.org/W2803001878","https://openalex.org/W2884763009","https://openalex.org/W2909984890","https://openalex.org/W2928248204","https://openalex.org/W2936503027","https://openalex.org/W2985147247","https://openalex.org/W2990584238","https://openalex.org/W3005197680","https://openalex.org/W3008439211","https://openalex.org/W3048639327","https://openalex.org/W3106370744","https://openalex.org/W3124179293","https://openalex.org/W3174210822","https://openalex.org/W3193705182","https://openalex.org/W3202525453","https://openalex.org/W3209599534","https://openalex.org/W4206706211","https://openalex.org/W4298060667","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W6628877408","https://openalex.org/W6631190155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2364982659","https://openalex.org/W2999352024","https://openalex.org/W2035969729","https://openalex.org/W2350173077","https://openalex.org/W2354666346","https://openalex.org/W2357280943","https://openalex.org/W2894181464","https://openalex.org/W2773673095","https://openalex.org/W1971491550"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Food":[0],"and":[1,12,18,36,66,90,127,147,182],"economic":[2],"security":[3],"in":[4,87,98,245,283],"West":[5,69],"Africa":[6],"rely":[7],"heavily":[8],"on":[9,119],"rainfed":[10],"agriculture":[11],"are":[13,164,269,292],"threatened":[14],"by":[15,295],"climate":[16],"change":[17],"demographic":[19],"growth.":[20],"Accurate":[21],"rainfall":[22,57,71,86,108,280,297],"information":[23,32],"is":[24,50,235],"therefore":[25],"crucial":[26],"to":[27,60,84,94,258,273],"tackling":[28],"these":[29],"challenges.":[30],"Particularly,":[31],"about":[33],"the":[34,43,47,63,78,88,140,174,213,236,240,246,250,289],"occurrence":[35],"length":[37],"of":[38,46,80,212,249],"droughts":[39],"as":[40,42,166,288],"well":[41,191],"onset":[44],"date":[45],"rainy":[48,251],"season":[49,252],"essential":[51],"for":[52,106,139,179,226,277],"agricultural":[53],"planning.":[54],"However,":[55],"existing":[56,193],"models":[58,97,105,189,222,242,268],"fail":[59],"accurately":[61],"represent":[62],"highly":[64],"variable":[65],"sparsely":[67],"monitored":[68],"African":[70],"patterns.":[72],"In":[73],"this":[74],"paper,":[75],"we":[76],"show":[77,186],"potential":[79],"deep":[81],"learning":[82],"(DL)":[83],"model":[85,180],"region":[89],"propose":[91],"a":[92,201,230,270],"methodology":[93],"develop":[95],"DL":[96,104,121,241],"data-scarce":[99],"areas.":[100],"We":[101,168,185],"built":[102],"two":[103],"satellite":[107],"(rain/no-rain)":[109],"detection":[110,228],"over":[111],"northern":[112],"Ghana":[113],"from":[114,150,173],"Meteosat":[115],"TIR":[116,217],"data":[117,172,214,218],"based":[118],"standard":[120],"architectures:":[122],"Convolutional":[123],"neural":[124,132],"networks":[125,133],"(CNNs)":[126],"convolutional":[128],"long":[129],"short-term":[130],"memory":[131],"(ConvLSTM).":[134],"The":[135],"Integrated":[136],"Multi-satellitE":[137],"Retrievals":[138],"Global":[141],"Precipitation":[142,148],"Measurement":[143],"(GPM)":[144],"mission":[145],"(IMERG)":[146],"Estimation":[149],"Remotely":[151],"Sensed":[152],"Imagery":[153],"Using":[154],"an":[155],"Artificial":[156],"Neural":[157],"Network":[158],"Cloud":[159],"Classification":[160],"System":[161],"(PERSIANN-CCS)":[162],"products":[163,194,276],"used":[165],"benchmarks.":[167],"use":[169],"rain":[170],"gauge":[171],"Trans-African":[175],"Hydro-Meteorological":[176],"Observatory":[177],"(TAHMO)":[178],"development":[181],"performance":[183],"evaluation.":[184],"that":[187,265],"our":[188,221],"compare":[190],"against":[192],"despite":[195,253],"being":[196],"considerably":[197],"simpler,":[198],"developed":[199],"with":[200,210],"small":[202],"training":[203],"dataset\u2014i.e.,":[204],"8":[205],"stations":[206],"covering":[207],"2.5":[208],"years":[209],"20.4%":[211],"missing\u2014and":[215],"using":[216],"alone.":[219],"Concretely,":[220],"consistently":[223],"outperform":[224],"PERSIANN-CCS":[225],"rain/no-rain":[227],"at":[229],"sub-daily":[231],"timescale.":[232],"While":[233],"IMERG":[234],"overall":[237],"best":[238],"performer,":[239],"perform":[243],"better":[244],"second":[247],"half":[248],"their":[254],"simplicity":[255],"(i.e.,":[256],"up":[257],"120":[259],"k":[260],"parameters).":[261],"Our":[262],"results":[263],"suggest":[264],"DL-based":[266],"regional":[267,279],"promising":[271],"alternative":[272],"state-of-the-art":[274],"global":[275],"providing":[278],"information,":[281],"especially":[282],"meteorologically":[284],"complex":[285],"regions":[286],"such":[287],"(sub)tropics,":[290],"which":[291],"poorly":[293],"covered":[294],"ground-based":[296],"observations.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T23:12:01.093139","created_date":"2023-04-06T00:00:00"}