{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362578690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071877","title":"Dielectric Fluctuation and Random Motion over Ground Model (DF-RMoG): An Unsupervised Three-Stage Method of Forest Height Estimation Considering Dielectric Property Changes","display_name":"Dielectric Fluctuation and Random Motion over Ground Model (DF-RMoG): An Unsupervised Three-Stage Method of Forest Height Estimation Considering Dielectric Property Changes","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362578690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071877"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071877","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1877/pdf?version=1680442904","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1877/pdf?version=1680442904","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019599231","display_name":"Chang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5672-9138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100360395","display_name":"Qi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0235-1333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85521 Ottobrunn, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85521 Ottobrunn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100731234","display_name":"Linlin Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-7980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linlin Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065119769","display_name":"Samad M. E. Sepasgozar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2568-3111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samad M. E. Sepasgozar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Built Environment, Faculty of Arts, Design & Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Built Environment, Faculty of Arts, Design & Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005130466","display_name":"Ziheng Sheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8532-8440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziheng Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100360395"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01261663,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"1877","last_page":"1877"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decorrelation","display_name":"Decorrelation","score":0.8788388967514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometric-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6612498760223389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5936932563781738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.587890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5173084735870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5068936944007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.4938884377479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34768742322921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.33858609199523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3031041622161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2928948402404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.24567058682441711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10381549596786499}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177860922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788608","display_name":"Decorrelation","level":2,"score":0.8788388967514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22286887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666056","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","level":3,"score":0.6612498760223389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5936932563781738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.587890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5173084735870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5068936944007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.4938884377479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34768742322921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.33858609199523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3031041622161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2928948402404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.24567058682441711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10381549596786499}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071877","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1877/pdf?version=1680442904","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:13dd2d2c833142fb90b790ebe7e803c2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/13dd2d2c833142fb90b790ebe7e803c2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 7, p 1877 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/7/1877/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15071877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 7; Pages: 1877","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071877","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1877/pdf?version=1680442904","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315885","display_name":"Australian Government","ror":"https://ror.org/0314h5y94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362578690.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65913892","https://openalex.org/W72179029","https://openalex.org/W82362284","https://openalex.org/W1495847551","https://openalex.org/W1538058927","https://openalex.org/W1987954504","https://openalex.org/W1992541517","https://openalex.org/W1997427322","https://openalex.org/W2024566288","https://openalex.org/W2031681353","https://openalex.org/W2047323441","https://openalex.org/W2078985447","https://openalex.org/W2106226795","https://openalex.org/W2112730279","https://openalex.org/W2123085947","https://openalex.org/W2155618100","https://openalex.org/W2161130635","https://openalex.org/W2532282964","https://openalex.org/W2767921252","https://openalex.org/W2983182761","https://openalex.org/W3193669570","https://openalex.org/W3202886953","https://openalex.org/W4212961686","https://openalex.org/W4295532856","https://openalex.org/W4297005135","https://openalex.org/W6602690142","https://openalex.org/W6800346603"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045104684","https://openalex.org/W1991497027","https://openalex.org/W2353188126","https://openalex.org/W2542174201","https://openalex.org/W3131672414","https://openalex.org/W2157458429","https://openalex.org/W2971183605","https://openalex.org/W3206958763","https://openalex.org/W2159160885","https://openalex.org/W2148958581"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Polarimetric":[0],"Synthetic":[1],"Aperture":[2],"Radar":[3],"Interferometry":[4],"(Pol-InSAR)":[5],"based":[6],"forest":[7,42,48,105,146,186,202,230,238],"height":[8,43,49,147,203,231],"estimation":[9,50,137,148,232],"for":[10,94,104],"ecosystem":[11],"monitoring":[12],"and":[13,86,153,167,193,204,209],"management":[14],"has":[15],"been":[16],"developing":[17],"rapidly":[18],"in":[19,57,229],"recent":[20],"years.":[21],"Spaceborne":[22],"Pol-InSAR":[23,180],"systems":[24],"with":[25,68,188,207,213],"long":[26,70],"temporal":[27,36,66,71,96,189,227],"baselines":[28],"of":[29,89,101,124,127,191],"several":[30],"days":[31],"always":[32],"lead":[33],"to":[34,77,92,134,142,159,226,234],"severe":[35],"decorrelation,":[37],"which":[38],"can":[39],"cause":[40,65],"a":[41,61,69,79,109,115,184],"overestimation":[44,223],"error.":[45],"However,":[46],"most":[47],"studies":[51],"have":[52],"not":[53,120],"considered":[54],"the":[55,95,122,131,164,199,216,222],"change":[56],"dielectric":[58,84,165],"property":[59],"as":[60,130],"factor":[62],"that":[63,82],"may":[64],"decorrelation":[67,97,228],"baseline.":[72],"Therefore,":[73],"it":[74],"is":[75,172],"necessary":[76],"propose":[78],"new":[80],"method":[81,149],"considers":[83],"fluctuations":[85,166],"random":[87,168],"motions":[88],"scattering":[90],"elements":[91],"compensate":[93],"effect.":[98],"The":[99,196],"lack":[100],"ground":[102,132],"truth":[103,133],"canopy":[106],"also":[107],"needs":[108],"solution.":[110],"Unsupervised":[111],"methods":[112],"could":[113],"be":[114],"solution":[116],"because":[117],"they":[118],"do":[119],"require":[121],"use":[123],"true":[125],"values":[126],"tree":[128],"heights":[129],"calculate":[135],"their":[136],"accuracies.":[138],"This":[139],"paper":[140],"aims":[141],"present":[143],"an":[144],"unsupervised":[145],"called":[150],"Dielectric":[151],"Fluctuation":[152],"Random":[154],"Motion":[155],"over":[156,183],"Ground":[157],"(DF-RMoG)":[158],"improve":[160],"accuracy":[161],"by":[162],"considering":[163],"motions.":[169],"Its":[170],"performance":[171],"investigated":[173],"using":[174],"Advanced":[175],"Land":[176],"Observing":[177],"Satellite":[178],"(ALOS)-1":[179],"data":[181],"acquired":[182],"German":[185],"site":[187],"intervals":[190],"46":[192],"92":[194],"days.":[195],"authors":[197],"analyze":[198],"relationship":[200],"between":[201],"different":[205],"parameters":[206],"DF-RMoG":[208,218],"conventional":[210,214],"models.":[211],"Compared":[212],"models,":[215],"proposed":[217],"model":[219],"significantly":[220],"reduces":[221],"error":[224],"due":[225],"according":[233],"its":[235],"lowest":[236],"average":[237],"height.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
