{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361279852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071842","title":"Learning-Based Traffic Scheduling in Non-Stationary Multipath 5G Non-Terrestrial Networks","display_name":"Learning-Based Traffic Scheduling in Non-Stationary Multipath 5G Non-Terrestrial Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361279852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071842"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071842","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1842/pdf?version=1680163195","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1842/pdf?version=1680163195","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004767791","display_name":"Achilles Machumilane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0260-2465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Achilles Machumilane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy","Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048540584","display_name":"Alberto Gotta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8134-7844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Gotta","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT\u2014National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, 43124 Parma, Italy","Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT\u2014National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, 43124 Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091257734","display_name":"Pietro Cassar\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3704-4133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Cassar\u00e1","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT\u2014National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, 43124 Parma, Italy","Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT\u2014National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, 43124 Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072396889","display_name":"Giuseppe Amato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-4315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Amato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072879702","display_name":"Claudio Gennaro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Gennaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004767791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504","https://openalex.org/I122991210"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.0314,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95457779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"1842","last_page":"1842"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8155578970909119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7745234370231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.6088323593139648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5575333833694458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3979877829551697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.33393919467926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23970133066177368}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8155578970909119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7745234370231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.6088323593139648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5575333833694458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3979877829551697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33393919467926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23970133066177368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071842","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1842/pdf?version=1680163195","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:8046335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8046335","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8046335","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:people______::d36819605f0d5a3ff8e4eaec44cf1bf3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055261","display_name":"ISTI Open Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"REMOTE SENSING (BASEL), vol. 15 (issue 7)","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:af4ddc7c26ed4424b5a0d42f416155de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/af4ddc7c26ed4424b5a0d42f416155de","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 7, p 1842 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/7/1842/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15071842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 7; Pages: 1842","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071842","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1842/pdf?version=1680163195","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361279852.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986711178","https://openalex.org/W2046376809","https://openalex.org/W2067522308","https://openalex.org/W2074212807","https://openalex.org/W2108787612","https://openalex.org/W2123651102","https://openalex.org/W2136850962","https://openalex.org/W2141081482","https://openalex.org/W2155116429","https://openalex.org/W2161420865","https://openalex.org/W2476621956","https://openalex.org/W2563236814","https://openalex.org/W2591938480","https://openalex.org/W2922988740","https://openalex.org/W2983432303","https://openalex.org/W2988705972","https://openalex.org/W2990747576","https://openalex.org/W3013878260","https://openalex.org/W3034631130","https://openalex.org/W3097673215","https://openalex.org/W3159407504","https://openalex.org/W3183873878","https://openalex.org/W4285296308","https://openalex.org/W4293057565","https://openalex.org/W4293193683","https://openalex.org/W6721242000"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W3049728571","https://openalex.org/W20361778","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W2964765435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,52],"non-terrestrial":[1,68],"networks,":[2],"where":[3,71,105,196],"low":[4],"Earth":[5],"orbit":[6],"satellites":[7],"and":[8,18,36,49,120,159],"user":[9,43,107],"equipment":[10,44,108],"move":[11],"relative":[12,160],"to":[13,20,25,45,78,116,174,221,240],"each":[14],"other,":[15],"line-of-sight":[16,34,161],"tracking":[17],"adapting":[19],"channel":[21,37,73],"state":[22,74],"variations":[23,153],"due":[24,77],"endpoint":[26],"movements":[27],"are":[28,40,137],"a":[29,47,57,101,222],"major":[30],"challenge.":[31],"Therefore,":[32],"continuous":[33],"estimation":[35],"impairment":[38],"compensation":[39],"crucial":[41],"for":[42,64],"access":[46,110],"satellite":[48,91,114,131,155,171,243,254],"maintain":[50],"connectivity.":[51],"this":[53],"paper,":[54],"we":[55],"propose":[56],"framework":[58,96],"based":[59,151],"on":[60,88,152],"actor-critic":[61,141],"reinforcement":[62,142],"learning":[63,143,181,211,236],"traffic":[65,128],"scheduling":[66,215],"in":[67,100,129,154],"networks":[69],"scenario":[70],"the":[72,79,82,89,95,106,125,165,170,176,179,190,201,210,214,231,235,242],"is":[75,219,238],"non-stationary":[76],"variability":[80],"of":[81,84,178,194,203,224,234,253],"line":[83,202],"sight,":[85],"which":[86,249],"depends":[87],"current":[90],"elevation.":[92],"We":[93,122,163,183],"deploy":[94],"as":[97],"an":[98,140],"agent":[99,126,146,212,237],"multipath":[102],"routing":[103],"scheme":[104],"can":[109],"more":[111],"than":[112],"one":[113],"simultaneously":[115],"improve":[117],"link":[118],"reliability":[119],"throughput.":[121],"investigate":[123,175],"how":[124,209],"schedules":[127],"multiple":[130],"links":[132],"by":[133,139],"adopting":[134],"policies":[135],"that":[136,230],"evaluated":[138],"approach.":[144],"The":[145,205,226],"continuously":[147],"trains":[148],"its":[149],"model":[150],"elevation":[156],"angles,":[157],"handovers,":[158],"probabilities.":[162],"compare":[164],"agent\u2019s":[166,180],"retraining":[167,232],"time":[168,233,245],"with":[169],"visibility":[172,244],"intervals":[173],"effectiveness":[177],"rate.":[182],"carry":[184],"out":[185],"performance":[186],"analysis":[187],"while":[188],"considering":[189],"dense":[191],"urban":[192],"area":[193],"Paris,":[195],"high-rise":[197],"buildings":[198],"significantly":[199],"affect":[200],"sight.":[204],"simulation":[206],"results":[207,227],"show":[208,229],"selects":[213],"policy":[216],"when":[217],"it":[218],"connected":[220],"pair":[223],"satellites.":[225],"also":[228],"up":[239],"0.1times":[241],"at":[246],"given":[247],"elevations,":[248],"guarantees":[250],"efficient":[251],"use":[252],"visibility.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
